Fertility

Zika has been in the news a lot since it first came to public consciousness in 2016. And while it's definitely a very scary virus, there's some confusing information out there about how people get it and what the risks are to those of us living in the US and trying to get pregnant. We did some research to make sure you have all the facts before you plan your next vacay while you're TTC.

What is Zika?

Broadly speaking, Zika is a mosquito-borne virus, but there are other ways it can be transmitted: through sex with an infected person, or if a pregnant woman passes it on to her developing fetus. Symptoms in adults are similar to getting the flu: fever, rash, headache, joint pain, muscle aches and red eyes. However, many people won't show any symptoms at all, and those that do might not feel badly enough to go to the doctor.  

For most adults, the symptoms will pass without issue within a week. But the biggest danger is that Zika can get passed to a fetus if a person with Zika becomes pregnant, because the symptoms for a baby are far more severe, including a birth defect called microcephaly and other scary brain defects.  

I'm not pregnant (yet). Why should I worry about Zika?

Not to freak you out, but, "the fear is that Zika can stay in your system for several months," says Dr. Jamie Knopman, a reproductive endocrinologist at New York fertility clinic Colorado Center for Reproductive Medicine (CCRM). "So, let's say you went on a great trip and then got pregnant after you got back, it could still be living inside of you."

And remember, Zika can also be sexually transmitted. So if your partner traveled to an area with a Zika risk and caught the virus, it could continue to live in his or her system and then get passed on to you (and your future pregnancy) even months after.

So, if you're already trying to get pregnant, or you're thinking about starting to try, here is some info you'll need to make sure you conceive as safely as possible.

Where can I contract Zika?

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) states on their website that there were no local mosquito-borne Zika cases reported in the US in 2018. That means there is no known risk of getting Zika from a mosquito bite in the States. But, if you have plans to travel out of the country while you're TTC, be sure to search for your dream destinations on the CDC's website to ensure you're playing it safe.

What precautions should I take when I travel?

The cold, hard truth: "don't go to places that may have Zika," says Dr. Knopman.

But if you must travel to one of these areas, you've got to protect yourself from bug bites. Wear an EPA-approved bug spray at all times, protect your skin with long-sleeve shirts and full-length pants, ideally treated with permethrin (an insecticide that keeps working, even after washing), and keep bugs at bay when you're indoors with screens on windows and doors and mosquito nets over your bed. Don't hate us for killing your travel vibe; we're just the messenger!

But wait, there's more. after you or your partner return from your trip, you need to continue to be cautious, pushing your TTC timeline even further into the future, including:

• Continuing to fend off those mosquitos: For at least 3 weeks, the CDC recommends you keep taking all the same precautions to avoid bug bites. Sounds crazy, but better to be safe than sorry.
• Months of no unprotected sex or fertility treatments: if your partner traveled without you, doctors advise you avoid conception for at least 3 months after your partner returns from that trip. If you traveled with your partner, or if you traveled alone, the recommendation is to avoid pregnancy for at least 2 months. These periods apply even if you have no symptoms of having contracted Zika, and they're extended if one or both of you has caught the virus: you'll need to wait until 2-3 months from the date your symptoms first appeared or the date of your Zika diagnosis.

So, yeah...it's complicated. Really, if you're hoping to conceive any time within the next year, it's probably best to take Dr. Knopman's advice and avoid traveling to anywhere on the CDC's list of Zika risk areas. Even if you don't end up getting Zika, you're still going to be playing a waiting game to ensure the healthiest pregnancy possible.

If you’ve experienced pregnancy loss, there may be a hard-to-ignore question in the back of your mind: what, exactly, causes miscarriage?

You may know that it’s common—as many as 1 in 4 pregnancies end in miscarriage, and the real number is, unfortunately, even higher when you factor in unknown pregnancies—but as frequently as it happens, many prospective parents still don’t know what actually causes it.

That giant question mark can make the miscarriage experience even worse. Grieving over your pregnancy loss is hard enough, but when you don’t know where to place the blame, and wonder if it could happen to you again, you end up facing fear, anger, and frustration on top of grief.

When miscarriage happens, it’s crushing. But the thing to keep in mind is this: miscarriage is not your fault, and there’s nothing you could have done to prevent it or change it. The universe has a pretty messed up way of working, huh?

So...what are the causes of miscarriage, anyway? And why do they happen to so many women?

Here are some common reasons why miscarriage can occur, and what you should ask your doctor if it’s happened to you.

Possible miscarriage cause #1: abnormal chromosomes

Biology may be a science, but it kind of functions like a delicate musical instrument: one wrong note and the whole thing goes out of tune. Translated to genetics, this means that if one teensy piece of the babymaking chromosomal puzzle doesn’t fall perfectly into place, the embryo may not develop properly, potentially causing miscarriage.

According to OBGYN Mary Jane Minkin, M.D., clinical professor of obstetrics, gynecology and reproductive sciences at Yale University School of Medicine, an embryo that’s genetically abnormal is the most common cause of miscarriage. She says sometimes this abnormality occurs at the very start of the fertilization process and other times it happens a bit later.

Either way, you can’t control the genetic processing that happens when sperm meets egg (unless you did in vitro fertilization and your doctor tested the genes of your embryo before transferring it, which many do!).

You can, however, ask your doctor to do some detective work for you if you’ve had repeated miscarriages: placental and fetal tissue can be tested for chromosomal abnormalities, giving you a clearer picture of what’s going on in your body when a fertilized egg ends in miscarriage.

Possible miscarriage cause #2: advanced maternal age

You know what sucks? Because women are born with all the eggs they’ll ever have, those eggs age right along with us...and can increase your chances of those chromosomal abnormalities we mentioned.

In a 2019 study published in the British Medical Journal, the risk of miscarriage rose sharply in women over the age of 30, reaching as high as 53 percent by age 45.

Even men, who generate fresh sperm all the time, are subject to chromosomal aging, says Minkin: “Guys keep making new sperm, although there is data to show that older fathers do have more genetic issues, too.”

If you and your partner are concerned about your genetic health—whether it’s because of aging or not—you can ask your doctor for genetic screening, which may alert you to risk factors you otherwise wouldn't know about.

Possible miscarriage cause #3: infertility or hormonal issues

This is going to sound like a chicken vs. egg scenario, but hear us out: infertility issues may actually cause...more infertility issues? Basically, your miscarriage rate can be higher if you’ve struggled to conceive in the past, possibly because there’s something up with your hormones at the root of your infertility challenges.

“Occasionally, a woman might not be ovulating well enough, [meaning] she is ovulating enough to produce the egg, but not enough to make the progesterone needed from the ovary to maintain the pregnancy,” explains Minkin. This might apply to you if you experience anovulatory cycles, irregular cycles, or if you have polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).

Possible miscarriage cause #4: infection or chronic illness

No, we’re not talking about colds or stomach bugs here—we’re talking about more severe infections, like sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and pelvic inflammatory disease. We’re also talking about chronic conditions, many of which come with the one-two punch of increasing your risk of miscarriage and infertility issues.

Kecia Gaither, M.D., double board-certified physician in OB/GYN and maternal fetal medicine and director of perinatal services at NYC Health + Hospitals/Lincoln, says maternal illnesses like diabetes, thyroid disorders, autoimmune disorders such as lupus, and blood clotting disorders can contribute to the overall causes of miscarriage, too.

Possible miscarriage cause #5: reproductive or anatomical issues

There are a bunch of congenital abnormalities in the reproductive system that can a) make it harder for you to conceive and b) make it harder for a fertilized embryo to thrive after conception.

Some of these abnormalities include:

• a misshapen uterus (like a double- or half-uterus)
• uterine fibroids
• a uterus with a septum
• blocked or damaged fallopian tubes
• endometriosis scarring

You may know about these anomalies already if you’ve got ‘em; they may have affected your menstruation or caused other symptoms. Either way, many of them can be treated if they’re contributing to infertility, so talk to your doctor.

Possible miscarriage cause #6: substance abuse

According to Dr. Gaither, frequent drug and alcohol use may also increase your chance of miscarriage. No, we don’t mean the celebratory glass of champagne you had on your birthday before you knew you were pregnant. It’s the consistent consumption of alcohol—especially as you move past week five of pregnancy—that’s affiliated with miscarriage. (And any amount of drug use, at any point during pregnancy, is potentially a problem.)

Addiction is a debilitating mental health condition; if you’re struggling, consider seeking help—especially if you’re trying to have a baby.

What to ask your doctor

If this is your first miscarriage, it may not be necessary to ask your doctor anything just yet; Dr. Minkin says miscarriage is common enough that it doesn’t always mean there are overarching fertility issues that need to be addressed. On the other hand, if you’ve been trying to conceive for a while, have a known fertility issue, or received any kind of fertility treatment, you may want to investigate any underlying issues as soon as possible rather than wait.

It’s best to talk to your doctor about a miscarriage so they are aware it happened and can make a decision, based on your overall health, about how to proceed. If your doctor feels more evaluation is needed to determine what caused your miscarriage, Dr. Gaither says there are a few things your doctor can do in terms of getting your fertility prospects checked out. These may include:

• Having miscarriage tissue genetically evaluated
• Having diagnostic tests to look for uterine or cervical anomalies
• Managing any other medical conditions that could be contributing to your inability to maintain a pregnancy

If you’re grieving a pregnancy loss, we know this information is probably pretty overwhelming. You may not be eager to dig into the reason behind your miscarriage at this point — and that’s understandable. You should take the time you need to consider your options and move forward when you feel ready.

But you should also know that miscarriage doesn’t mean you can’t ever get pregnant. Many women go on to have healthy pregnancies after experiencing loss, sometimes naturally and sometimes with assistance from a fertility specialist. We’re rooting for you.

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Read more in Does Using Donor Eggs Decrease the Risk for Miscarriage?

When Black families pursue fertility treatments, they often face unique challenges - from delayed diagnoses to lower IVF success rates. In fact, research shows Black women have 30% lower odds of achieving a live birth through IVF compared to white women, even when controlling for factors like age and income.

These disparities stem from multiple factors: delayed diagnosis of reproductive conditions, less access to specialized care, and medical bias. However, being informed about these challenges is the first step to getting better care and outcomes.

This article looks at the research on Black IVF outcomes and, more importantly, what you can do to improve your chances of success. We'll look at how to choose the right clinic, advocate for comprehensive testing, and access support resources designed specifically for Black women undergoing fertility treatment.

Black women face higher rates of infertility

Most research on racial fertility disparities in fertility comes from studying women already at fertility clinics, not the general population. These studies show that Black women seeking treatment often face a distinct set of fertility challenges, including higher rates of uterine fibroids and tubal disease that can affect fertility outcomes.

However, focusing only on women who make it to fertility clinics gives us an incomplete picture. We know less about how these factors affect Black women's fertility in the broader population, particularly among those who haven't sought or accessed fertility care. Understanding these broader patterns is important for addressing racial disparities in reproductive health.

A landmark study called the CARDIA Women's Study found that Black women had twice the odds of experiencing infertility compared to white women, even after accounting for factors like education, income, and medical conditions. This higher rate of infertility persisted across different groups - married women, unmarried women, and women not using contraception.

The study is particularly valuable because it:

• Used a population-based sample rather than just clinic patients (which tend to be wealthier given the high cost of IVF)
• Included both married and unmarried women
• Examined multiple potential causes of infertility
• Followed women over time
• Had a large enough sample size to draw meaningful conclusions

This research highlights the importance of early intervention and comprehensive care for Black women experiencing fertility challenges.

Reasons Black women face infertility

About 30% of the cases of infertility can be attributed solely to the female, 30% solely to the male, 30% a combination of both male and female partners, and in 10% of cases the cause is unknown.

The most common overall cause of female infertility is due to not ovulating, which occurs in 40% of women with infertility issues. While there is not a statistically significant difference in anovulation between Black and white women, Black women do have higher rates of diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) infertility. DOR is a reduction in the quantity of your remaining eggs. Every female is born with all the eggs she'll ever have, and this number naturally declines with age. However, some experience a faster decline than expected for their age, leading to a diagnosis of DOR.

Tubal factor infertility is also a relatively common cause of female infertility, accounting for approximately 25-35% of all infertility cases. Research indicates higher rates of tubal factor infertility among Black women, often due to delayed diagnosis and treatment of conditions like endometriosis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).

Fibroids are also a common reason for infertility, and found in 5% to 10% of infertile women. Black women are more likely to develop uterine fibroids, which can affect implantation rates and pregnancy outcomes. Studies show that 80% of Black women will develop fibroids by age 50, compared to 70% of white women. The fibroids also tend to appear earlier and grow larger.

Black women are less likely to seek fertility care

Research shows significant disparities in who seeks fertility care and when they seek it. A key finding from the FUCHSIA Women's Study was that Black women are 43% less likely to visit a doctor for fertility help compared to white women, even when experiencing the same fertility challenges. The study also revealed that among women who did seek care, Black women waited twice as long after experiencing infertility before seeing a doctor - a median of two years compared to one year for white women.These differences persisted even after accounting for factors like education, income levels, insurance coverage, location, and the presence of conditions like fibroids of PCOS.Based on the research findings from FUCHSIA and other studies, a few key factors contribute to these delays in seeking care:

• Social stigma: Black women report more concerns about stigmatization and disappointment from spouses regarding their fertility challenges.
• Limited social support: Studies show Black women are more likely to self-refer for fertility care and less likely to share fertility challenges with friends and family, suggesting less community support for seeking treatment.
• Cultural differences in pregnancy planning: Research indicates Black women are less likely to report they were "actively trying" to conceive during infertile periods, which can delay recognition of fertility issues.
• Healthcare experiences: Previous negative experiences with the medical system and lack of culturally competent care can create hesitation in seeking specialized treatment.
• Information gaps: Black women are less likely to access fertility information through traditional social networks, affecting awareness of treatment options and timing of care.

Notably, the study does not examine the role of insurance coverage, out-of-pocket costs, or the availability of fertility benefits, which are known barriers to accessing reproductive healthcare, especially for marginalized populations. The study also does not deeply explore how socioeconomic status, including income, education, and employment, or geographic factors like urban-rural location and proximity to fertility clinics, impact delays in seeking fertility care. That said, the disparity in time to seeking care is concerning since fertility treatment success rates decline with age, making early intervention an important factor in outcomes.

Black women face delays in diagnoses and care of reproductive conditions

Research shows that Black women often face significant delays in receiving diagnoses and treatment for reproductive health conditions compared to white women. These delays stem from several factors:

• Symptoms being dismissed or not taken seriously by healthcare providers
• Limited access to specialists who can accurately diagnose conditions
• The misconception that Black women have higher pain tolerance
• Different presentation of symptoms that may not match textbook descriptions
• Limited research on how conditions manifest in Black women

This pattern of delayed diagnosis directly impacts fertility outcomes, as untreated conditions like endometriosis, PCOS, and fibroids can affect fertility and complicate treatment. Early diagnosis and intervention can help improve fertility outcomes.

Black men face infertility, too

When heterosexual couples struggle to conceive, attention often focuses primarily on female fertility. But sperm is half of the equation in conception, making male reproductive health equally important in family building. For Black men, this reality comes with additional challenges that the medical system is only beginning to understand.

A comprehensive study of over 6,400 men seeking fertility treatment and found that Black men often waited longer to seek fertility care compared to white patients. At the same time, a study from a major tertiary care facility found huge differences in semen analysis results - Black men had a 54% rate of abnormal results, significantly higher than other groups. This was true across many semen parameters including reduced semen volume, decreased sperm concentration, lower total sperm count, reduced motile sperm percentage, and diminished total motile sperm.

These findings matter because they point to two separate but related issues affecting Black men's reproductive health. First, there are barriers to accessing care - from insurance coverage to relationships with healthcare providers. Second, there may be biological variations that the medical field needs to better understand and account for when evaluating fertility. Together, these factors can create real challenges for Black men trying to build families.

When Black families undergo IVF, they have worse outcomes

‍Multiple studies have documented that Black patients face poorer IVF outcomes. This includes:

• Higher miscarriage rates: Black women have significantly more miscarriages than white women.
• Lower live birth rates per cycle: Black women undergoing IVF have 30% lower odds of achieving a live birth compared to white women. 

These differences persist even when controlling for factors like age, BMI, and income level. Understanding why these disparities exist is key to addressing them.

Experts have suggested that traditional IVF medication protocols may need modification to better serve Black patients. While there are documented outcome disparities in IVF, research has not conclusively shown that different protocols would improve results.This combination of medical and healthcare delivery factors creates compounded challenges that contribute to lower success rates. Addressing these disparities requires both clinical research to optimize treatment protocols and systemic changes to improve access to high-quality care.

What can patients do?

While systemic changes are needed, there are steps individuals can take to improve their chances of success:

Choose experienced providers

Look for clinics and doctors with experience treating Black patients and strong success rates with diverse populations. Consider asking about:

• Their experience with patients of your background
• Success rates broken down by race
• Culturally competent care practices

‍Check out our Directory of Black Fertility Doctors

‍Advocate for yourself

• Request comprehensive fertility testing early in the process, including hormone tests, genetic screening, and testing for common conditions like fibroids.
• Write everything down. Record test results, medication instructions, and doctor recommendations. Write down questions beforehand and their answers during the visit.
• Don’t downplay your symptoms. When discussing fertility concerns with doctors, use clear, urgent language. Instead of "My periods are a bit irregular," say "I'm very concerned about my significantly irregular cycles." Don't minimize symptoms like spotting, pain, or changes in menstruation - being direct helps doctors better assess fertility issues and provide appropriate care.
• Ask for your records. You have a right to your medical records. Don’t be afraid to ask for them and ask for clarity on anything you don’t understand. 
• Set clear timelines. Ask and establish when you should expect to see results or move to next steps in your treatment plan.

Seek support early

Connect with support resources before starting treatment:

• Find a culturally competent fertility counselor.
• Join support groups for Black women undergoing fertility treatment.
• Research financial assistance programs.

Summing it up

While disparities in IVF outcomes persist, increased awareness and research are driving positive changes. More fertility clinics now track success rates by race and are working to implement protocols that better serve diverse patient populations. Additionally, advocacy efforts are helping expand insurance coverage and access to care.

Improving IVF outcomes for Black patients requires action at multiple levels - from individual patient care to systemic changes in healthcare delivery. While disparities persist, understanding these differences helps patients make informed decisions about their care and allows healthcare providers to better serve all patients.

Despite the challenges, many Black families achieve their dreams of having a baby through IVF. We wish you all the best on your journey! 

‍For more information about finding a fertility specialist, see our Directory of Black Fertility Doctors, which can help you locate experienced providers in your area.‍

‍Read more:

• Resources for Black Families Undergoing IVF
• Directory of Black Fertility Doctors in the US and Canada
• 10 Facts You Need To Know About Using Donor Eggs

Building a strong support system can make a significant difference during fertility treatment. For Black families undergoing IVF, there are specific organizations, communities, and resources designed to provide both practical and emotional support throughout the process. Whether you need financial assistance, want to connect with others who understand your experience, or are looking for educational materials, this guide will help you find the right resources.

This article covers key support organizations like The Broken Brown Egg and Fertility for Colored Girls, financial assistance programs offering grants up to $10,000, and mental health resources specifically for the Black community. You'll also find information about support groups, educational materials, podcasts, and social media communities created by and for Black families. For families who are part of the LGBTQ+ community, we've included dedicated resources that address the unique aspects of queer family-building.

We've organized these verified resources into clear categories so you can easily find what you need at each stage of your fertility treatment. Each listing includes basic information about the organization and the types of support they offer. And if you're still searching for a fertility doctor, our Directory of Black Fertility Doctors in the US and Canada can help you find a provider in your area.

Support organizations for Black women facing infertility

These incredible organizations focus specifically on supporting and advocating for Black women and families through their fertility experiences: 

• The Broken Brown Egg provides support and resources for people in the Black community experiencing infertility.
• The Resilient Sisterhood Project’s mission is to educate and empower women of African descent regarding common yet rarely discussed diseases of the reproductive system that disproportionately affect them.
• Fertility for Colored Girls provides education, encouragement, and support to Black women and other women of color experiencing infertility and seeking to grow their families. They aim to empower Black women to take charge of their fertility and reproductive health and provide grants to help ease the financial burden of fertility treatments or domestic adoption.
• The Sister Girl Foundation is a non-profit organization geared towards providing awareness, education, support, and advocacy for individuals with Endometriosis, Infertility, Breast and Ovarian Cancers.
• Black Fertility Matters (part of CCRM) is dedicated to providing impactful resources that will increase access and advocacy for Black women and families navigating their fertility journeys.
• Black Mamas Matter Alliance is a national network of Black women-led and Black-led, birth and reproductive justice organizations and multi-disciplinary professionals, working across the full spectrum of maternal and reproductive health.
• SisterSong’s mission is to strengthen and amplify the collective voices of indigenous women and women of color to achieve reproductive justice by eradicating reproductive oppression and securing human rights. 

Educational resources

Key resources to help you understand fertility treatment from a Black perspective: 

• Infertility and BIPOC (Black, Indigenous & People of Color) Women (American Psychological Association)
• What Black Women Need to Know Before Seeking Fertility Treatment (Self Magazine)
• Racial disparities and in vitro fertilization (IVF) treatment outcomes: time to close the gap (Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology)
• Factors associated with disparate outcomes among Black women undergoing in vitro fertilization (Fertility & Sterility)
• Black women are more likely to experience infertility than white women. They’re less likely to get help, too (The Guardian)
• Are Black women being failed by IVF? (Women’s Health)

Podcasts & films

Stay informed and connected with these shows focused on Black fertility experiences: 

• Black Women and Infertility is a podcast to provide women of color and all women the love, support, and resources needed while experiencing #infertility. 
• In Black Girls Guide To Fertility podcast, Sonhara Eastman gives you an in-depth look into the anger, shame, envy, and hope of someone battling infertility by sharing her own experiences.
• The Infertility and Me podcast is a Black woman-hosted show covering reproductive justice, pregnancy loss/miscarriage, and infertility.
• Sisters in Loss podcast spotlights faith-filled black women who share their grief and loss stories and testimonies.
• Eggs over Easy is a documentary film about Black women and fertility.
• Hollow: The Unheard Cry of Black Women and Infertility is a documentary film giving an intimate glimpse into the experiences of 6 black women struggling with infertility.

Financial support organizations

These organizations provide grants and financial assistance for fertility treatments: 

• The Tinina Q. Cade Foundation offers grants up to $10,000 through their Family Building Grant.
• The Hope for Fertility Foundation provides financial grants to help cover fertility treatment costs
• Baby Quest Foundation awards financial grants biannually to families needing fertility treatments.

‍Learn more about grant options in 25 Donor Egg IVF Grants

‍Mental health support

Licensed professionals and organizations providing culturally competent mental health support: 

• Sisters in Loss holds space to present loss and infertility stories in a resourceful culturally acceptable way to assure black women they are not alone on this journey.   Sisters in Loss provides educational and doula services in pregnancy, birth, postpartum, bereavement, and grief support to help women step beyond anxiety and fear and into trust and peace after loss.
• The Perinatal Mental Health Alliance for People of Color is bridging the gap in perinatal mental health support services for birthing persons, providers, and communities of color.
• “What to do if you — or someone you love — is going through pregnancy loss” - Life Kit teamed up with the hosts of the podcast docuseries NATAL to share this story about coping with pregnancy loss
• Therapy for Black Girls Directory can help you find therapists specializing in fertility counseling.
• Oaktown Therapy-Tracy Jones, LSCW, founder of Oaktown Therapy for Black and Brown people. Her areas of expertise include Infertility and IVF Struggles, Pregnancy and Infant Loss Support, Single Mother’s By Choice, and Black Maternal Mental Health & Racial Trauma.
• Dr. Wiyatta Fahnbulleh is a reproductive mental health expert offerling fertility counseling.
• The Boris Lawrence Henson Foundation is dedicated to creating innovative healing approaches in BIPOC and underrepresented communities, illuminating paths for the these communities to envision a life full of hope and joy.

Support groups

Connect with others who understand your experience through these communities: 

• Black Women's Fertility Group (on Facebook) is for Black women experiencing fertility issues and looking to connect and gain peer support.
• Resolve hosts multiple support groups, including those geared towards BIPOC women.
• Black Moms in Loss Support Group provides connections for individuals that identify as Black mothers grieving the loss of a pregnancy or infant.
• Fertility for Colored Girls offers expert-led support groups, where you can share with others in a safe as well as confidential space.
• The Sister Girl Foundation hosts multiple support groups, including one for people with endometriosis.

Resources for Black queer family-building

Resources specifically for Black LGBTQ+ individuals and families: 

• xHood is a community of Black queer people who feel empowered in their ability to build and nurture healthy families and parent happy children. They support the Black LGBTQ+ community to navigate the impacts of the Black reproductive health crisis, systemic racism, homophobia, and transphobia on family building and nurturing journeys.
• Our Family Coalition hosts a group by and for Black, Indigenous, and People of Color parents, co-parents, and caregivers who identify as queer, trans, &/or same gender-loving people. Issues and ages of kids range widely, brought to the group each time by participants, but the baseline is a space where we BIPOC families are centered.
• Black Gay Dads Global (Facebook group) is a destination for black/biracial gay/bi fathers around the world to share unique experiences and offer support.

‍Read more in LGBTQ+ Family-Building Resources

‍Social media communities

Follow these Instagram accounts for ongoing support and information: 

• Kamaria Cayton Vaught, MD (@kamariacaytonvaughtmd)
• Matrika Johnson, MD (@DrMatrika)
• Dr. Danielle Lane (@DrDanielleLane)
• Regina Townsend (@BrokenBrownEgg)
• Dani Wade (@dwbella)
• Fertility for Colored Girls (@ffcghope)
• Ashley Blaine (@ashleyblaine)
• Black CHIC IVF (@BlackCHICIVF)
• Black Girl IVF (@BlackGirlIVF)
• Resilient Sisterhood Project (@resilientsisterhoodproject)
• Black Women and Infertility (@blackwomenandinfertility)
• Dr. Temeka Zore (@TemekaZoreMD)
• Doc Jones Fertility & Fibroids (@tjonesivfmd)

Being as prepared as possible and having support during fertility treatment can make a meaningful difference in your experience and outcomes. While we've listed many resources here, your needs may change throughout your fertility journey. Don't hesitate to reach out to multiple organizations or try different support groups until you find the right fit. We’re also here for you if you need to match with an egg donor.

Keep this guide bookmarked and check back, as many of these organizations regularly update their offerings and programs. And if you're still looking for a fertility specialist, review our Directory of Black Fertility Doctors to find a provider who can help guide your care. 

Read more:

• Understanding Black IVF Outcomes: Research, Disparities, And Progress
• Directory of Black Fertility Doctors in the US and Canada
• Family-Building Resources for All

Finding a Black fertility doctor was incredibly important to me for my fertility care and I know I am not alone. I could not believe a directory like this did not exist, so our team here at Cofertility put together this directory to help other families. We hope you find it helpful!

Mounting evidence suggests that Black patients achieve better health outcomes when treated by Black doctors. Studies have found that racial concordance between doctors and patients leads to improved communication, greater trust, and more personalized care. When it comes to fertility treatment, having a doctor who understands your lived experiences, cultural nuances, and unique health concerns can make all the difference. 

Yet, Black reproductive endocrinologists and infertility specialists (REIs) remain underrepresented in the field, making it difficult for patients to find a provider who truly understands their needs. That’s why we’ve created this comprehensive directory of Black REIs across North America, organized by geography. This resource includes:

• Detailed profiles with education, expertise, and current practice location
• Specialized areas of focus, including LGBTQ+ family building, PCOS, fibroids, and recurrent pregnancy loss
• Listings across major U.S. and Canadian cities to help you find experienced Black fertility specialists near you 

Whether you're exploring IVF, donor egg IVF, or other fertility treatments, we hope this guide can help you find a qualified REI specialist in your area. The listings cover major cities across the United States and Canada, making it easier to locate experienced Black fertility doctors near you. The ultimate goal is to achieve the best possible health outcomes for everyone, regardless of patients' or doctors' race or ethnicity. Representation matters in reproductive healthcare, and access to culturally competent fertility specialists can improve both your experience and your outcomes. We recognize that not everyone will have access to a Black REI in their area. If that’s the case, another way to enhance patient-provider racial and cultural concordance is by looking at your broader fertility care team. Seeking out a culturally responsive fertility therapist, nurse practitioner, doula, or midwife who understands your experiences and advocates for your needs can help provide the support, advocacy, and understanding essential for a positive fertility journey.

California

Fresno

Luis Murrain, DO,FACOG (Kern Medical)

Dr. Murrain received his Bachelor of Science Degree from Michigan State University. He attended medical school at the Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine. He completed his residency in Obstetrics and Gynecology at Summa Health Systems -Akron City Hospital in Ohio, where he served as Chief Resident, and received the Summa Health System Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Resident Research Award for Outstanding Research Achievement. Additionally, he received the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists award for Special Excellence in Endoscopic Procedures. He completed his Fellowship in Reproductive Genetics at Albert Einstein College of Medicine/ Montefiore Medical Center in NY.

Los Angeles

Dr. Semara Thomas (Beverly Hills Fertility)

Dr. Semara Thomas completed her residency training in Obstetrics & Gynecology at the University of Virginia, where she served as administrative chief resident. This was followed by a three-year fellowship, specializing in Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility at the University of Southern California.  Dr. Thomas earned her medical degree at the University of Pittsburgh and completed her undergraduate degree in English Literature at Columbia University. She additionally earned a Masters in Science degree, with a focus in epidemiology, from USC Keck School of Medicine.

Marsha Bievre Baker, MD (Kaiser)

Marsha Baker (Bievre) is an obstetrician-gynecologist in Arvin, California and is affiliated with Kaiser Permanente Los Angeles Medical Center. She received her medical degree from University of Chicago Division of the Biological Sciences The Pritzker School of Medicine and has been in practice for more than 20 years.

San Francisco Bay Area

Ijeoma Okeigwe, MD, MPH, FACOG (Spring Fertility)

Dr. Okeigwe is a double board-certified reproductive endocrinologist and obstetrician gynecologist with a deep commitment to achieving exceptional patient outcomes. She is a Bay Area native and completed her undergraduate degree and Masters in Public Health at UC Berkeley. She attended medical school at UCSF before advancing to her residency in Obstetrics & Gynecology at Boston University Medical Center. Dr. Okeigwe then completed her fellowship in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility at Northwestern University. Dr. Okeigwe joins Spring from the Palo Alto Foundation Medical Group and is looking forward to continuing to provide exceptional, patient-centered fertility care in the East Bay.

Dr. Geraldine Ekpo (Kindbody)

Dr. Ekpo  is a Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility (REI) Specialist with years of experience providing compassionate fertility care in the San Francisco Bay Area and the California Central Valley. After graduating summa cum laude from Georgia Tech with a B.Sc. in Biomedical Engineering, she went on to obtain her medical degree from the University of Michigan Medical School. She then completed her Ob/Gyn residency at Northwestern University in Chicago, and a REI fellowship at UCSF. She is an inducted member of the prestigious Alpha Omega Alpha (AOA) Honor Medical Society and is board certified in both Ob/Gyn and REI.

Temeka Zore, MD, FACOG (Spring Fertility)

Dr. Zore is a board certified Reproductive Endocrinologist as well as a board certified Obstetrician and Gynecologist. She was raised in Indiana, and graduated with honors from the University of Texas at Austin, where she also received high honors for her academic excellence as well as her athletic achievements in Track and Field. She was then awarded a full merit scholarship to medical school and returned to her home state, where she graduated from Indiana University School of Medicine.

Collin B. Smikle (Laurel Fertility)

Dr. Collin Smikle is the founder and Medical Director of Laurel Fertility Care. Board certified in obstetrics and gynecology as well as reproductive endocrinology and infertility, he has extensive experience in IVF, all assisted reproductive technologies and advanced laparoscopic surgery. He is a highly respected physician, researcher, teacher and medical author. He graduated Yale Medical School (1985) and completed his residency in obstetrics and gynecology at Brigham and Women’s Hospital at Harvard Medical School (1989). He received specialty training in reproductive endocrinology and infertility at the University of California San Francisco where he did extensive research in oocyte and follicular development and polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).

Isiah Harris, MD (Reproductive Science Center)

Dr. Isiah Harris earned his Bachelor of Science at Duke University and his Master of Science in clinical science at University of Colorado Denver. He attended medical school at University of California San Francisco (UCSF) where he served as chairman for Women’s Health Interest Group and co-chairman for Medical Students for Choice. He completed his clinical fellowship in obstetrics and gynecology at Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. He was a fellow in reproductive endocrinology & infertility at University of Colorado Hospital in Denver.

Florida

Jacksonville

Dr. Suny Caminero (Brown Fertility)

Dr. Suny Caminero is a native of New York City born to Dominican parents who moved the family to the Dominican Republic where she spent most of her childhood. Being fluent in both written and spoken Spanish, she is able to connect and serve a diverse patient population, ensuring that everyone receives personalized care and understanding. Her medical career began as a student at the University of Connecticut, where she graduated with her Bachelor’s degree in Nursing and Pre-Medicine. After graduation, she worked as an Intensive Care Nurse in Connecticut, Georgia and Michigan before starting Medical School at Michigan State University College of Human Medicine in 2005. Dr. Caminero embarked on her residency in Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Florida in Jacksonville. During her residency, she displayed exceptional dedication and clinical acumen, which earned her the position of Chief Resident. Throughout her time at the University of Florida, Dr. Caminero received numerous teaching awards, showcasing her commitment to educating and empowering the next generation of medical professionals.

Orlando

Albert Asante, MD, MPH (Center for Reproductive Medicine)

Albert Asante, MD, MPH, is a fertility specialist who is double Board-certified in obstetrics and gynecology as well as reproductive endocrinology and infertility. He sees patients at the Center for Reproductive Medicine in Winter Park, Florida. His clinical practice covers a wide range of general infertility and reproductive endocrine conditions, with a particular focus on polycystic ovary syndrome, recurrent pregnancy loss, fertility treatment for advanced reproductive-aged women, and in vitro fertilization.

Dr. Milton McNichol (Fertility Center of Orlando)

Dr. Milton McNichol, MD is a reproductive & infertility endocrinologist in Longwood, FL and has over 35 years of experience in the medical field. He graduated from Loma Linda University in 1988. He is affiliated with medical facilities such as AdventHealth Orlando and Orlando Health Orlando Regional Medical Center.

Tampa

Anthony Imudia, M.D (Shady Grove Fertility)

Anthony Imudia, M.D., earned his medical degree from the Universidad Latina De Panama before completing his residency training in obstetrics and gynecology from Wayne State University School of Medicine in Detroit, MI. He then completed a 3-year fellowship in reproductive endocrinology and infertility from Harvard Medical School in Boston, MA, where he also served as an instructor in obstetrics, gynecology, and reproductive biology.

Georgia

Atlanta Metropolitan Area

Desireé McCarthy-Keith, M.D., M.P.H. (Shady Grove Fertility)

Dr. McCarthy-Keith earned her medical degree from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and also a Master of Public Health in maternal and child health from the University of North Carolina. She completed her Obstetrics and Gynecology residency training at Duke University Medical Center and a fellowship in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. During her fellowship, Dr. McCarthy-Keith’s research focused on the molecular mechanisms of uterine fibroid regulation and reproductive health disparities. She has special interests in male and female infertility, polycystic ovary syndrome, uterine fibroids, and in vitro fertilization. She has authored several peer-reviewed publications on reproductive and infertility topics and has presented her research nationally.

Dr. Monica Best (Reproductive Biology Associates)

Monica W. Best, MD, joined Reproductive Biology Associates in the fall of 2013 after completing her fellowship in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility at the Emory University School of Medicine. Dr. Best earned her undergraduate Bachelor of Science degree in Biology from the University of Michigan where she graduated with honors and multiple academic awards to her credit. Dr. Best is a native of St. Louis and returned to Missouri for medical school where she was awarded a full academic scholarship to attend the University of Missouri School of Medicine. It was during medical school that Dr. Best became interested in research in reproductive medicine. 

Dr. Karenne Fru, MD, PHD, FACOG (Muna Fertility)

Dr. Karenne Fru is double board-certified in Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility. She is based in Atlanta, GA, with over 10 years of experience in the field. She is dedicated to providing personalized and compassionate care to her patients and helping them achieve their reproductive goals.

Dr Obehi Asemota (Hope Fertility)

Dr. Obehi Asemota specializes in all aspects of reproductive medicine, including fertility preservation (egg and embryo freezing), in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection, LGBTQ+ reproduction, ovulation induction, third party reproduction, and recurrent pregnancy loss.. Her practice is focused on working with couples who are struggling with infertility, to assist them in building a healthy family by empowering and educating them on all available fertility treatment options. She considers providing compassionate, personalized infertility care to patients of all walks of life her calling.

Dr. Sicily E. Garvin (Hope Fertility)

Dr. Sicily E. Garvin is a dual board-certified Obstetrician/Gynecologist and Reproductive Endocrinologist specializing in women’s health and fertility. She holds a bachelor’s degree from Emory University and an MD from Morehouse School of Medicine. She completed her OB/GYN residency at Johns Hopkins and her REI fellowship at Wayne State University. Dr. Garvin offers comprehensive reproductive services with a focus on innovative research and early pregnancy outcomes.

Illinois

Chicago

Amanda Adeleye, MD (CCRM Fertility of Chicago)

Amanda Adeleye, MD is the founding partner and Medical Director of CCRM Fertility of Chicago, opening in 2025. She is a distinguished reproductive endocrinologist and infertility (REI) specialist, double-board certified in Obstetrics and Gynecology and REI. Dr. Adeleye is dedicated to supporting women and individuals facing fertility and family building challenges, offering a comprehensive range of services including intrauterine insemination (IUI), in vitro fertilization (IVF), and egg freezing.

Erica Louden, MD (KindBody)

Erica Louden, MD, PhD is a highly-skilled scientist and reproductive endocrinologist and infertility specialist focusing on all areas of reproductive health. Dr. Louden’s research efforts focus on access to care for cancer and infertile patients as well as the novel mechanism to preserve primordial oocytes during chemo and radiation therapy. Dr. Louden, a graduate of Wayne State University School of Medicine, completed her residency in Obstetrics and Gynecology at Wayne State and her fellowship in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility at Augusta University. During her medical training, Dr. Louden received numerous awards and presented Grand Rounds on Mullerian Anomalies, a topic on which she has been published. In addition, she authored articles for several medical journals and textbooks, clinical studies, and has had her research covered in peer-reviewed publications. Dr. Louden is an active member of many medical associations.

Sana Salih, MD, MS, HCLD (U Chicago Medicine)

Dr. Salih is double board-certified in obstetrics and gynecology and reproductive endocrinology and infertility, and she is credentialed as a high-complexity laboratory director. Dr. Salih provides compassionate and comprehensive care to patients who dream of building a family but are struggling with infertility issues or recurrent pregnancy loss. Her practice is rooted in a patient-centric approach to care where Dr. Salih works with each patient/couple individually to customize a treatment plan for each woman’s or family’s unique reproductive goals. Her expertise in infertility and recurrent pregnancy loss promotes comprehensive evaluation and management, including advanced reproductive technology such as in-vitro fertilization, fertility preservation and preimplantation genetic diagnosis.

Channing Burks Chatmon, M.D. (Fertility Centers of Ilinois)

Dr. Burks Chatmon earned her medical degree from Indiana University School of Medicine, followed by an internship and residency in Obstetrics and Gynecology at Rush University Medical Center. After completing a Recurrent Pregnancy Loss fellowship at University of Illinois at Chicago, she went on to fulfill a Reproductive Endocrinology fellowship at University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center. Her training and medical research around recurrent pregnancy loss affords her unique insight into the most cutting-edge treatment solutions in the field. She has also presented data to the medical community around evaluating ovarian supply, assessing oocyte (egg) health and viability, and analyzing success rates with frozen embryos, single embryo transfers and genetic screening of embryos prior to transfer.

Dr. Olutunmike Kuyoro (Advanced Fertility Center of Chicago)

Dr. Olutunmike Kuyoro, also known as Dr. Tumi, is a distinguished reproductive endocrinologist and infertility specialist. She earned her Doctor of Medicine degree magna cum laude from St. George’s University School of Medicine in Grenada in 2017. Prior to that, she completed her undergraduate studies in Biology at the Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine in the United Kingdom, where she earned a BSc and ARCS in 2011. Dr. Kuyoro completed a fellowship in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility at the Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra / Northwell Health in New York. She previously completed her residency in Obstetrics and Gynecology at Maimonides Medical Center in New York from 2017 to 2021.

Indiana

Indianapolis

Dr. Zachary Walker (Midwest Fertility)

Dr. Zachary Walker is a board-certified physician specializing in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility. Dr. Walker attended Indiana University School of Medicine and the University of Alabama at Birmingham OBGYN residency prior to his fertility training at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts.

Maryland

Baltimore

Chantel Cross, MD (Johns Hopkins)

Dr. Cross is a reproductive endocrinology and infertility specialist whose clinical practice is centered on the evaluation and treatment of women facing infertility and those with reproductive endocrinopathies affecting their fertility. She sees patients with a wide range of conditions including polycystic ovarian syndrome, recurrent ovulatory dysfunction, tubal disease, pelvic mass and pelvic adhesions as well as fertility complications related to endometriosis, fibroids and ovarian cysts. Additionally, Dr. Cross sees patients who seek fertility preservation such as embryo, egg and ovarian cryopreservation due to cancer treatment and/or other medical complications.

Dr. Jerrine R. Morris (Shady Grove Fertility)

Jerrine R. Morris, MD, MPH, is board certified in obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN) and board eligible in reproductive endocrinology and infertility (REI). Dr. Morris earned her medical degree at Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine in Richmond, Virginia. She then continued her studies at Emory University for her residency in OB/GYN, where she was recognized for her excellence in research. From there, Dr. Morris trained in REI at the University of California, in San Francisco, California.

Kamaria C. Cayton Vaught, MD (Johns Hopkins)

Kamaria C. Cayton Vaught, M.D. is a reproductive endocrinology and infertility specialist in the Baltimore area who specializes in the management of disorders related to infertility and the endocrinopathy of female reproductive stages. She has undergone training in the management and evaluation of reproductive disorders such as male and female infertility, PCOS, endometriosis, premature ovarian insufficiency, recurrent pregnancy loss, and advanced surgical techniques in hysteroscopy and laparoscopy. In addition, her unique training also includes genetic counseling, genetic data analysis and interpretation, and preimplantation genetic testing. Dr. Cayton Vaught treats patients with a wide range of conditions, including uterine fibroids, endometriosis and recurrent pregnancy loss at the Johns Hopkins Fertility Center.

Frederick

Alexis Gadson, M.D. (Shady Grove Fertility)

Alexis Gadson, M.D., is board certified in obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN) and board eligible in reproductive endocrinology and infertility (REI). Dr. Gadson completed her residency in OB/GYN at Boston University School of Medicine/Boston Medical Center. From there, she trained in REI at Brown University/Women and Infants Hospital, in Providence, Rhode Island. Dr. Gadson is passionate about finding the best ways she can care for patients who may experience challenges in achieving their family-building goals. Her research interests include healthcare disparities in fertility treatment, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and fertility preservation. Dr. Gadson is a member of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), and the Society for Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility (SREI). 

Rockville

Dr. Oluyemisi (Yemi) Famuyiwa (Montgomery Fertility Center) 

Dr. Famuyiwa is the founder of the Montgomery Fertility Center in Rockville, MD. Dr. Famuyiwa is also the Associate Clinical Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at George Washington University School of Medicine and an attending physician at Holy Cross Hospital’s Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Silver Spring, MD. She is board-certified in reproductive endocrinology and infertility, obstetrics, and gynecology. Dr. Famuyiwa is at the forefront of providing state-of-the-art care based on emergent and ongoing new technologies and research. This is based on a philosophy to provide exceptional care in the most compassionate manner in order to achieve the best possible outcomes for her patients. Her work has been recognized by numerous awards. She received the Women in Endocrinology Travel Award in 1996 during the 10th international Congress of Endocrinology.

Massachusetts

Boston

Kim Thornton, MD (Boston IVF)

Dr. Kim Thornton is a board-certified Reproductive Endocrinologist at Boston IVF and an Assistant Professor at Harvard Medical School. She specializes in all aspects of fertility care.

Josette Dawkins, MD (Boston IVF)

Josette Dawkins, MD (she/her) is a Reproductive Endocrinologist at Boston IVF. Double board-certified in Obstetrics and Gynecology/Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, she specializes in all aspects of infertility treatment and family building care. Prior to joining Boston IVF, she served as the medical director for Baystate Reproductive Medicine in Springfield, MA. Her special interest is in onco-fertility.

Michigan

Ann Arbor

Erica E. Marsh, M.D., M.S.C.I., F.A.C.O.G. (University of Michigan)

Dr. Marsh is a Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Michigan Medical School and Chief of the Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility. She attended Harvard College where she graduated magna cum laude followed by Harvard Medical School where she graduated cum laude in 2001. She then completed her residency at the Integrated OBGYN Residency at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital in 2005. After residency, Dr. Marsh completed a Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility fellowship at Northwestern University. During this time, Dr. Marsh also earned a Master of Science in Clinical Investigation (MSCI) from Northwestern University. After completing fellowship in 2008, Dr. Marsh joined the faculty at Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine.

Detroit

Dr. Awoniyi Awonuga MD, FRCOG, FACOG (Wayne State / Kindbody)

Dr. Awonuga is a Professor in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility (REI). He is the Kamran S. Moghissi, MD, Endowed Chair in Obstetrics and Gynecology in REI. He received his medical degree from the University of Ibadan Medical School in Nigeria in 1979. He later completed residency in Ob/Gyn at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria and a residency (Ob/Gyn) and fellowship in reproductive endocrinology and infertility (REI) in the United Kingdom. He is an accredited Specialist in Ob/Gyn in the United Kingdom and he is a Fellow of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Dr. Awonuga completed residency in Ob/Gyn at Maimonides Medical Center in New York and Fellowship in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility at Wayne State University. 

Minnesota

Minneapolis

Fabiola Balmir, MD, FACOG (Kindbody)

Originally from New York, Dr. Balmir is a graduate of Columbia University. She earned her medical degree at Morehouse School of Medicine in Atlanta, Georgia. Her residency was at Stony Brook University Hospital in New York where she trained in Obstetrics and Gynecology and was also inducted into Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society. She completed her training with fellowship at Magee-Womens Hospital in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility. Dr. Balmir was Director of Medical Education and Outreach at an academic practice in Pittsburgh, PA. Her dedication to excellent patient experience is driven by the connections she forms with patients over the course of their care. She is passionate about empowering patients with knowledge of all their reproductive options. In her free time, Dr. Balmir enjoys spending time with her husband, 2 children, and 2 dogs. She is fluent in French.

Nevada

Las Vegas

Dr. Cindy M. Duke, M.D.,Ph.D., FACOG (Nevada Fertility Institute)

Dr. Duke is the Founder + Chief Executive Officer of the Nevada Fertility Institute. She is a physician-scientist who is board certified in Obstetrics and Gynecology, and fellowship- trained in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility. In addition to fostering hope with her clinical family-building expertise, she is empowering her global village by promoting fertility awareness through social media and community outreach.

Eva Littman, M.D., F.A.C.O.G. (Red Rock Fertility)

As the Founder and Practice Director of Red Rock Fertility Center, Dr. Eva Littman has successfully guided the center to produce many successful pregnancies. Dr. Littman also specializes in challenging cases where the patient has less than a five percent chance of pregnancy and helps them welcome new lives into their families. Dr. Littman offers an outstanding level of empathy and a broader amount of compassion for her patients given that she has personally undergone some of the procedures involved with fertility treatment. Dr. Littman has three children of her own and she understands the desires of her patients to conceive.

New Jersey

Jersey City

Stephanie Marshall Thompson, MD (IRMS)

Stephanie M. Thompson, MD is a Reproductive Endocrinologist and Infertility specialist at The Institute for Reproductive Medicine and Science (IRMS). She is an attending physician in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Cooperman Barnabas Medical Center, and Board Certified in both Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility. Dr. Thompson received her undergraduate degree in Spanish from Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC and her medical degree from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. She completed her residency in Obstetrics and Gynecology at New York University Medical Center and completed her fellowship in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility at Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School.

Dr. Jasmine Aly, MD, FACOG (CCRM | IRMS)

Dr. Aly holds the rare distinction of being a triple-specialized physician as an Obstetrician-Gynecologist, Reproductive Endocrinologist, and Medical Geneticist. She joined CCRM | IRMS in 2024 as Regional Director of Clinical Reproductive Genetics and is located in Jersey City, NJ. Upon earning her medical degree from the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Dr. Aly went on to complete her residency at the Cooper University Hospital, where she was honored as Resident of the Year and served as Chief Resident. Shortly thereafter, Dr. Aly completed a Research Fellowship in advanced basic science techniques at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS). Her primary focus centered on fibroids, culminating in the identification and publication of a novel tumor suppressor gene.

Marlton / Princeton

Michael Simoni, M.D. (Reproductive Medicine Associates)

Dr. Michael Simoni, who completed his medical school training at Harvard Medical School, his OB/GYN residency at the Yale School of Medicine and his REI fellowship at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, is passionate about translational research and authentic patient care. Practicing out of RMA New Jersey’s Marlton  and Princeton offices, Dr. Simoni provides RMA patients the full spectrum of fertility care, specializing in embryo implantation issues such as Recurrent Implantation Failure (RIF).

New York

Ghoshen

Ndidiamaka Onwubalili, MD (University Reproductive Associates)

Ndidiamaka Onwubalili, MD, is a reproductive endocrinologist, infertility specialist, and an essential team member at University Reproductive Associates. Dr. Onwubalili works with patients through the Millburn, Denville, New Jersey, and Goshen, New York offices, providing personalized care in a warm and welcoming manner. 

New York City

Dr. Melvin Thornton (Global Fertility)

Dr. Melvin Thornton has over 25  years of experience in the fertility field, including 15 years with the Columbia University IVF program as Medical Director and as Director of their donor egg program. He has helped many intended parents throughout the world build their families. His patients describe him as a reassuring, caring, and a personable physician. 

Tia Jackson-Bey, MD, MPH (RMA of New York)

Tia Jackson-Bey MD, MPH is a board certified reproductive endocrinologist and infertility specialist and obstetrician gynecologist who cares for patients at RMA of New York's Brooklyn office. Dr. Jackson-Bey is passionate about reproductive justice and increasing access to fertility care for all.

Ashley Wiltshire, MD (Columbia University)

Ashley Wiltshire, MD is a reproductive endocrinology and infertility specialist and a board-certified obstetrician-gynecologist. She earned her medical degree at the University of Connecticut School of Medicine in Farmington, Conn. and completed her residency in Obstetrics and Gynecology at Morehouse School of Medicine in Atlanta, Ga. Prior to joining Columbia University Fertility Center, she completed her subspecialty training in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility at NYU Langone Health in New York City.

Nataki C. Douglas, MD, PhD (URA)

Dr. Douglas is a graduate of the Yale School of Medicine MD/PhD program. She completed her OBGYN residency and Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility fellowship at Columbia University Medical Center/New York Presbyterian Hospital. Dr. Douglas entered the world of REI while conducting research for her PhD thesis at Yale.  With the combination of her thesis work in the field of  immunology and her role as a teaching assistant for a course entitled “Biology of Reproduction”, Dr. Douglas became fascinated with all the unanswered questions about the science of female reproduction. Her clinical rotations convinced her that women’s health and more specifically, women’s infertility was to be her focus.  She is a board-certified REI subspecialist with over 10 years of clinical experience.

North Carolina

Charlotte

Dr. Matrika Johnson, M.D. (Reproductive Specialists of the Carolinas)

Dr. Matrika D. Johnson, M.D. is the founding physician of Reproductive Specialists of the Carolinas. Dr. Johnson is board-certified in Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility. Dr. Johnson completed her undergraduate training at Davidson College and was recognized as a Davidson scholar. She later earned her medical degree from Wright State University and received the Janet C. Thompson Memorial Scholarship Award for her academic achievements.

Luwam Ghidei, MD (Atrium Health Wake Forest Baptist Center for Fertility and Reproductive Surgery)‍

Dr. Ghidei has the training and experience to diagnose and treat all infertility causes, with a specific interest in recurrent pregnancy loss, infertility, fibroids, polycystic ovarian syndrome, fertility preservation, third-party reproduction, and resolving healthcare disparities. She received her medical degree from the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School before completing an Obstetrics and Gynecology residency at Brown University/Women and Infants Hospital in Providence, Rhode Island. She completed her fellowship in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, as well as a Master of Science in clinical investigation at Baylor College of Medicine.

Raleigh / Durham

Dr. Genevieve Neal-Perry (UNC Fertility)

Dr. Genevieve Neal-Perry has more than 20 years of experience in women’s health and reproduction. Dr. Neal-Perry is Board Certified in Obstetrics & Gynecology, as well as Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility. She completed her residency training at Beth Israel Medical Center and attended Yeshiva University for her fellowship program. Dr. Neal-Perry currently serves as the Chair of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at UNC. During her time as a resident and fellow, Dr. Neal-Perry was the recipient of numerous honors and awards in both areas of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility. Dr. Neal-Perry has also published numerous articles on women’s health and reproduction.

Ohio

Michael Thomas, MD (University of Cincinnati College of Medicine)

Michael A. Thomas, MD, is Chief of the Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine. Dr. Thomas has been named one of the Best Doctors in America for nine consecutive years, an honor bestowed on 4 percent of physicians in the United States. He graduated from the University of Illinois College of Medicine and was a resident at Wayne State University in Detroit. Dr. Thomas completed a fellowship in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine and is board certified in both Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility.

Pennsylvania

Allentown

Ndeye-Aicha Gueye (RMA)

Dr. Ndeye-Aicha Gueye is board-certified in Obstetrics/Gynecology and Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility and lead physician at Reproductive Medicine Associates of Pennsylvania. She earned her Doctor of Medicine and completed her residency at Rutgers University’s Robert Wood Johnson Medical School in Piscataway, NJ.  During her residency she received numerous research and teaching awards, such as the Gold Foundation Humanism and Excellence in Teaching Award in Recognition for Excellence and Compassion in Patient Care and Commitment to Teaching.  She was also recognized for her surgical skills and received the award for minimally invasive surgery from the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopy (AAGL).  She stayed on staff after her completion of residency and was presented with the Excellence in Teaching Award from the Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics (APGO). Dr. Gueye is also a member of the Alpha Omega Alpha medical honor society.

Hershey

Samantha Butts, MD MSCE (Penn State Health)

Samantha Butts, MD MSCE is a Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Chief of the Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility. In this role, she specializes in treating individuals and couples who require fertility treatments in order to achieve pregnancy. She has extensive experience providing the full spectrum of state-of-the art infertility treatment services to meet the needs of those seeking care who are single, coupled, LGBTQ, and those whose complex medical histories impact their reproductive health. These treatments include ovulation induction, intrauterine insemination, in vitro fertilization, preimplantation genetic testing and egg and embryo cryopreservation. As a reproductive endocrinologist, Dr. Butts also has expertise in managing conditions such as amenorrhea, premature ovarian failure, surgical menopause, endometriosis, polycystic ovary syndrome, and uterine fibroids. Prior to joining the team at Hershey Medical Center, Dr. Butts spent 15 years as a member of the University of Pennsylvania Reproductive Endocrinology faculty group where she established a busy clinical practice and a successful research program studying factors that influence fertility, early pregnancy and reproductive aging.

Pittsburgh

Terrence D Lewis, MD (AHN)

Terrence D. Lewis, MD, PhD, FACOG is the medical director for the AHN Center for Reproductive Medicine and a specialist in reproductive endocrinology and infertility. His special clinical interests include polycystic ovarian syndrome, endometriosis, recurrent pregnancy loss, and implantation failure. He is skilled at female/male infertility, artificial insemination, IVF, and donor oocytes/sperm. Dr. Lewis received his PhD in pathology and laboratory medicine from The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and his MD at The George Washington University School of Medicine. He did his residency at The Walter Reed National Military Medical Center.

Breonna Nicolette Slocum, MD (UPMC)

Breonna Slocum, MD, specializes in reproductive endocrinology and infertility and is board-certified by the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology. She practices at UPMC Center for Fertility and Reproductive Endocrinology and is affiliated with UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital, UPMC East and UPMC Altoona. Dr. Slocum received her medical degree from the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and completed her residency at MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, followed by a fellowship at the University of Michigan Health System.

Robert Collins, MD (UPMC)

Dr. Collins specializes in reproductive endocrinology and infertility and is board-certified in reproductive endocrinology/infertility and obstetrics and gynecology by the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology. He practices at UPMC Magee-Womens Center for Fertility and Reproductive Endocrinology and UPMC Center for Fertility & Reproductive Endocrinology and is affiliated with UPMC Altoona, UPMC Horizon and UPMC Magee-Womens Hospital. Dr. Collins completed his fellowship at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center - National Capital Consortium.

Philadelphia

Selina Davis, MD (Jefferson Health)

Dr. Davis specializes in providing full spectrum obstetrics and gynecological care. She is passionate about equal care for Black, indigenous and people of color (BIPOC) communities. Dr. Davis’ practice areas and interests include: menopause, sexual health and LGBTQ+ health care. She teaches residents and medical students at the Einstein Medical Center Philadelphia campus. Dr. Davis takes a trauma-informed approach, and is sensitive to the needs of her general and high-risk OB/GYN patients. She feels a patient’s background and beliefs are important considerations when discussing their health and treatment options.

South Carolina

Greenville

Dr. Lisa Green (Fertility Center of the Carolinas)

Dr. Lisa Green is an infertility specialist who offers patients a combination of excellent clinical expertise, strong research experience, and warm personal care. She is Board-Certified by the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology as a Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Specialist. Dr. Green takes pride in offering comprehensive fertility care, with a particular interest in LGBTQIA+ family building and fertility preservation. She currently serves as one of the Associate Program Directors for the Prima Health- Upstate OBGYN program and the Chair of the Diversity Equity and Inclusion Sub-committee​ of Prisma-Upstate Graduate Medical Education Committee.

Texas

Austin

Deborah Ikhena-Abel, MD (Aspire Fertility)

Dr. Ikhena-Abel earned her medical degree from the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, followed by her Ob/Gyn residency at the University of Massachusetts School of Medicine in Worcester, MA. She further honed her expertise with a fellowship in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility at Northwestern University. Dr. Ikhena-Abel is deeply committed to assisting her patients in growing their families, destigmatizing infertility and pregnancy loss, and providing comprehensive education on the medical and mental health aspects of these journeys.

Dallas

Tiffanny Jones, MD (Concieve Fertility Center)

Tiffanny Jones, MD FACOG, is a board-certified and distinguished physician and reproductive specialist with a passion for women’s health. Her expertise in Obstetrics & Gynecology, coupled with her specialization in Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, has made her a leading figure in the field of reproductive medicine. With a commitment to providing the highest quality care, Dr. Jones has dedicated her career to helping individuals and couples achieve their dreams of parenthood.

Tolulope Bakare, MD (Posterity Health)

Tolu Bakare, MD, is a reproductive urologist (men’s fertility specialist) who graduated from Penn State College of Medicine and completed her urology residency at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences. Dr. Bakare did her fellowship at the University of Illinois College of Medicine in Chicago, where she received expert training in andrology, male infertility, microsurgery, and men’s health. She is passionate about treating males and helping them fulfill their family goals.

Houston

S. Kemi Nurudeen, MD (Aspire Fertility)

Dr. Nurudeen graduated magna cum laude from Texas A&M University and earned her medical degree from Texas A&M University Health Science Center College of Medicine. She completed a residency in Obstetrics and Gynecology at Georgetown University Hospital in Washington, D.C. where she was selected Chief Resident. Dr. Nurudeen went on to complete a fellowship in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility at the New York Presbyterian Hospital – Columbia University Medical Center in New York City.

Janet Bruno-Gaston, M.D., MSCI (Shady Grove Fertility)

Janet Bruno-Gaston, M.D., MSCI, is board certified in obstetrics and gynecology and in reproductive endocrinology and infertility (REI). Dr. Bruno-Gaston received her medical degree from Morehouse School of Medicine, where she was recognized as a Community Health Honors Scholar for her work with health care disparities. She then pursued her residency in OB/GYN at the University of Southern California where she completed training at the LAC+USC Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. While there, Dr. Bruno-Gaston earned numerous teaching and leadership awards and was elected Chief Resident. Dr. Bruno-Gaston completed her fellowship in REI while earning her Master of Science in Clinical Investigation degree at Baylor College of Medicine.

Terri Lynn Woodard, MD (Texas Children’s)

Dr. Terri L. Woodard holds a joint appointment as an Assistant Professor in the Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility at Baylor College of Medicine and the Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine at MD Anderson Cancer Center. As a reproductive endocrinologist and infertility specialist, she has a specific interest in fertility preservation for reproductive age individuals diagnosed with cancer. She offers fertility counseling prior to cancer treatment, as well as comprehensive fertility preservation and family-building services for men and women whose reproductive potential may or may have been impacted by cancer or its treatment.

San Antonio

Aimee Browne, MD (Aspire Fertility)

Dr. Browne received both a Bachelor of Arts Degree and a Medical Degree from the University of Missouri-Kansas City. Motivated by her interest in reproductive medicine, Dr. Browne completed her four-year Residency in Obstetrics and Gynecology and her Fellowship in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility at Emory University in Atlanta. During her Fellowship she received excellent clinical training in in-vitro fertilization, minimally invasive surgery, and endocrine disorders. She is Board Certified in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, and also in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Utah

Salt Lake City‍

Yetunde Ibrahim, MD (Utah Fertility)

Dr. Ibrahim is passionate about the rapidly evolving field of reproductive endocrinology and infertility. She has special clinical interests in assisted reproductive technology, fertility preservation and advanced hysteroscopy. Her philosophy of practice is patient-centric and enhancing the patient experience while they undergo their individualized journey towards parenthood.

Washington

Seattle

Dr. Gloria Richard-Davis (UAMS Medical Center)

Dr. Richard-Davis is a native of south Louisiana, born in Opelousas and grew up in Baton Rouge. She is the Executive Director for the UAMS Division of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion. She is also a tenured Professor in Obstetrics and Gynecology and Division Director for Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, as well as Medical Director for the Physician Assistants program. She joined the UAMS faculty in January 2013. She is board certified in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility and Obstetrics and Gynecology. She previously served as Professor and Chair of the Obstetrics and Gynecology Department at Meharry Medical College and Executive Director for Center for Women Health Research (CWHR) from January 2007 – 2012. The CWHR was and remains the only center fully focused on conditions affecting women of color. Prior to her appointment, Dr. Richard-Davis served as the Section Head of Reproductive Health Services for Ochsner Clinic Foundation and the Medical Director of the Fertility Center at Ochsner from 2000-2007 in New Orleans. She was Assistant Dean in Student Affairs and Assistant Professor in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Tulane University School of Medicine from 1994 – 1998.

Washington D.C.

Army Lt. Col. Torie Comeaux  Plowden, M.D., M.P.H., F.A.C.O.G. (Walter Reed Medical Center)

Torie Comeaux Plowden, MD/MPH, FACOG is double board certified in obstetrics/gynecology and Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility (REI). She has clinical interests in fibroids, infertility and sexual health and is active in clinical and epidemiological research. She completed residency at Tripler Army Medical Center and an REI fellowship at NIH. Dr. Plowden has over 40 publications in peer reviewed journals and is an Associate Professor in Ob/Gyn at the F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. In June 2021, she completed her tenure as Chief of the Gynecologic Surgery and Obstetrics Department at Womack Army Medical Center in North Carolina transitioned back to Walter Reed National Military Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland where she serves as the Director of the REI Division and Deputy Department Chief. In July 2022 she took over as the Interim Fellowship Director of the NIH's REI program, which is the largest REI fellowship in the country.

Canada

Toronto

Dr. Marjorie Dixon (Anova Fertility)

Dr. Marjorie Dixon is an Obstetrics and Gynecology specialist with an Accredited Fellowship in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility. In 2016, Dr. Dixon founded Anova Fertility & Reproductive Health, the leading fertility and IVF center in Canada. As Founder, CEO, and Medical Director, she propelled Anova to the forefront of innovative reproductive care. She was honored to receive and be recognized with the Mathias Gysler Award in 2022 for improving access to reproductive care for all Canadians. In 2017, Dr. Dixon was recognized as the YMCA Woman of Distinction. She was also awarded with the Globe & Mail’s Quantum Shift Class of 2019, RBC’s Canadian Women of Influence Momentum Award in 2018, the Top 100 Most Powerful Women 2023, the Compass Rose Entrepreneur award in 2024 and recently the Women of Inspiration award for excellence in Entrepreneurship, in 2024.

Dr. Tanya Williams (Dr. Tanya Williams Fertility Centre)

Dr. Williams has been practicing Obstetrics and Gynecology, Infertility and Reproductive Endocrinology in Toronto since 1993. Recognizing the needs of couples in Toronto and Durham, she has expanded her training and practice to focus on treatment of patients with infertility and related issues. Dr. Williams offers patients thorough investigation and the most up-to-date treatments using a caring and sensitive approach.

Dr. Alice Buwembo (Twig Fertility)

Dr. Buwembo is a Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility Specialist (REI) with a passion for helping people achieve their dream of conceiving. Her gentle approach focuses on empowering patients along their journey, using evidence-based medicine to provide compassionate, personalized fertility care. Originally from Saskatchewan, Dr. Buwembo pursued her undergraduate studies in Biomedical Sciences at the University of Ottawa. She then completed a Master’s in Neuroscience at McGill University before attending medical school in Cork, Ireland. Her medical training continued with a residency in Obstetrics & Gynaecology and a fellowship in Gynaecologic Reproductive Endocrinology & Infertility, both at McMaster University.

Vancouver

Shannel Adams, MD (PNW Fertility)

Shannel R. Adams, MD, FACOG is a board-certified reproductive endocrinologist and infertility specialist. Highly skilled in all areas of reproductive health, Dr. Adams has a particular expertise and interest in third party reproduction, oncofertility, fertility preservation, male fertility, and holistic care of both mind and body. Dr. Adams graduated from Duke University with an undergraduate degree in Ethics and went on to medical school at Oregon Health and Science University. She completed residency at the University of Hawai’i John A. Burns School of Medicine and her REI fellowship at the University of Cincinnati.

Waterloo

Victor Shola Akinsooto, MBBS, FCOG, FRCSC (ONE Fertility)

Dr Victor Shola Akinsooto is a Royal College of Physician & Surgeons of Canada certified Reproductive Endocrinologist and Fertility Specialist. He started his medical education at University of Ilorin where he obtained the Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery degree. After his residency at University of Natal, he was admitted as a Fellow of the South African College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Following his Royal College of Physicians & Surgeons of Canada certification in Obstetrics & Gynecology, he had a 2 year subspecialty fellowship in Gynecologic Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility at McMaster University.

Read more:

• Understanding Black IVF Outcomes: Research, Disparities, And Progress
• Resources for Black Families Undergoing IVF
• ​​How Do You Know if an IVF Clinic's Lab is Good? Here Are The Questions to Ask

When I started my IVF treatments, I felt overwhelmed and alone. My Instagram feed was full of pregnancy announcements and happy families, while I was giving myself daily shots and tracking my follicle count. That changed when I discovered the fertility community on social media. Through hashtags like #TTCCommunity and #IVFWarrior, I found people who understood exactly what I was going through—the hope, the fear, the technical medical terms, and yes, even the dark humor about progesterone side effects.

But I remember how confused I felt at first, trying to decode what seemed like a secret language of hashtags and abbreviations. Infertility itself was new to me, let alone the secret language of #TWW, #PUPO, and countless other acronyms. As a marketer who's now been through several rounds of IVF, I want to help others find their way to this incredible community more easily.

This guide breaks down the most common fertility hashtags, explaining what they mean and how they're used. Whether you're just starting fertility treatments, exploring egg freezing, or supporting someone in your circle, understanding these hashtags can help you find relevant content and connect with others who share the same experiences.

Core fertility terminology on social media

The most widely used hashtag in the fertility community is #TTC, which stands for "trying to conceive." You'll often see this combined with other terms like #TTCCommunity or with numbers indicating how long someone has been trying (#TTC2Years).

The #1in8 hashtag references a significant statistic: infertility affects one in eight couples. This hashtag helps normalize fertility challenges and builds awareness about how common these experiences are.

Other common hashtags include:

• #NIAW - National Infertility Awareness Week
• #TTCCommunity - Trying to Conceive Community
• #TTPCommunity - Trying to Parent Community
• #TTSSupport - Trying to Conceive Support
• #InfertilityCommunity - General infertility support and discussion

IVF hashtags

Medical hashtags help people find information about specific treatments or connect with others going through similar procedures. Common examples include:

• #IVF - In vitro fertilization
• #IVFwarrior - Commonly used during IVF
• #FET - Frozen embryo transfer
• #IUI - Intrauterine insemination
• #ICSI - Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
• #PGT - Preimplantation genetic testing
• #PUPO - Pregnant until proven otherwise
• #Embaby - Cute term for embryo
• #Embabyonboard - Commonly used after a transfer
• #TransferDay - The day an embryo is transferred

For egg freezing and donation, you'll encounter these self-explanatory terms:

• #EggFreezing
• #EggDonation
• #DonorEggs
• #FertilityPreservation

These hashtags often accompany posts about treatment experiences, questions about procedures, or celebrations of milestones.

Tracking and timing hashtags

The fertility community has developed shorthand for discussing cycle timing and test results:

• #TWW refers to the "two-week wait" between ovulation or treatment and when you can take a pregnancy test. This period can be particularly stressful, and many people seek support during this time.
• #DPO means "days post ovulation" and is often followed by a number (#4DPO, #12DPO) to track cycle progress.
• #POAS stands for "pee on a stick"—taking a pregnancy test. Results are often tagged as either #BFP (big fat positive) or #BFN (big fat negative).

Medical condition hashtags

Specific medical conditions related to fertility have their own hashtag communities:

• #PCOS - Polycystic ovary syndrome
• #Endometriosis or #Endo
• #MFI - Male factor infertility
• #LowAMH - Low anti-müllerian hormone
• #RPL - Recurrent pregnancy loss

These hashtags help people find others with similar diagnoses, share treatment experiences, and discuss management strategies.

The emotional aspects of fertility challenges are just as significant as the medical ones. Several hashtags focus on mental health and support:

• #InfertilitySupport connects people seeking or offering emotional support
• #InfertilityAwareness raises visibility of fertility challenges
• #RainbowBaby refers to a baby born after loss
• #SecondaryInfertility discusses fertility challenges after having a child

Family building hashtags

Different paths to parenthood have their own hashtag communities:

• #NonTraditionalFamily
• #LGBTQ+Family
• #SingleMomByChoice
• #SurrogacyJourney
• #DonorConceived

These hashtags help people find others building families in similar ways and access relevant resources and support.

Finding your community

As social media evolves, new hashtags and communities continue to emerge. Staying current with these changes can help you maintain connections and find relevant information. Remember that online communities can provide support and understanding, but they should complement, not replace, professional medical care and in-person support systems.

The infertility community on social media reflects the diversity of experiences and paths to parenthood. By understanding and using these hashtags thoughtfully, you can find your place within this supportive network of people who understand what you're going through.

Whether you're ready to share your own story or simply want to find others who understand what you're going through, I hope these hashtags help you find your people. Use them in ways that feel right for you, and remember—you're not alone.

When building a family, intended parents wish to give their children the best possible start in life. However, for some individuals or couples, certain genetic conditions may increase the risk of passing on inherited disorders to their offspring. 

If you've recently discovered that you're a carrier for a genetic condition, you might be wondering about your options for building a healthy family. One question that I often get is whether using donor eggs is necessary. In this article, we will take a look at the most common genetic conditions that often lead families to donor egg in vitro fertilization (IVF). We aim to provide clarity on this topic, helping you understand your choices and the factors to consider. 

Understanding the impact of genetic conditions

Genetic conditions are inherited through the passing of genes from parents to their children. Each person has two copies of every gene, one inherited from the mother and one from the father. The way in which a genetic condition is inherited depends on the specific pattern of inheritance for that condition. 

• Autosomal dominant disorders, such as Huntington's disease, only require one copy of the mutated gene to cause the condition, meaning if one parent has the mutation, there is a 50% chance of passing it on to the child. 
• Autosomal recessive disorders, like cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anemia, require both copies of the gene to be mutated for the condition to manifest. If both parents are carriers of the recessive gene mutation, there is a 25% chance their child will have the condition. 
• X-linked recessive disorders, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, are caused by mutations in genes located on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome. As a result, X-linked recessive conditions primarily affect males. Female carriers have a 50% chance of passing the mutation on to their children, with sons having a 50% chance of being affected and daughters having a 50% chance of being carriers.
• X-linked dominant disorders, such as Rett syndrome, can affect both males and females. However, they often result in more severe symptoms in males. If a mother carries the gene, she has a 50% chance of passing it to each child. If a father carries the gene, all his daughters will inherit it, but none of his sons will.
• Mitochondrial disorders are unique because they are inherited only from the mother. An estimated 1 in 5,000 people has a genetic mitochondrial disease. Mitochondria, the energy-producing structures in our cells, contain their own DNA. All mitochondria in a fertilized egg come from the mother's egg cell, not the father's sperm. Therefore, mitochondrial genetic disorders are passed from mother to all her children, but only daughters will pass it on to the next generation.

While having a genetic mutation increases the risk of developing a condition, it does not always guarantee that the condition will manifest, as other genetic and environmental factors can also play a role. This means you or your partner could be a silent carrier of a condition that may show up in your child’s genes. Because of this, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommends that people considering pregnancy get carrier screenings before conception.

Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disorder that affects the lungs, digestive system, and other organs. It causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs, leading to persistent lung infections and difficulty breathing. CF also disrupts the function of the pancreas, preventing proper digestion. The severity of CF varies, but it is a progressive condition that often leads to shortened life expectancy. In the United States, approximately 1 in every 3,000 to 4,000 newborns is diagnosed with CF, and about 1 in 25 people are carriers of the CF gene mutation.

If both partners are carriers of the CF gene mutation, there is a 25% chance their child will have CF, and 50% chance the child will be a carrier but will not have CF.

Huntington's Disease (HD)

Huntington's Disease (HD) is a progressive brain disorder that causes uncontrolled movements, emotional problems, and loss of thinking ability. Symptoms usually begin between the ages of 30 and 50 and worsen over time, leading to complete dependence on others for care. HD is rare, affecting about 1 in every 10,000 to 20,000 people. There is currently no cure for HD, and it is ultimately fatal.

HD is an autosomal dominant disorder, meaning if one parent has the HD gene mutation, there is a 50% chance of passing it on to the child. 

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS)

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is an inherited condition that causes intellectual disability, behavioral and learning challenges, and various physical characteristics. It is caused by a mutation in the FMR1 gene on the X chromosome. Males with Fragile X Syndrome are usually more severely affected than females. Fragile X Syndrome is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability, affecting approximately 1 in 4,000 males and 1 in 8,000 females.

If the mother is a carrier of the Fragile X premutation or full mutation, she has up to a 50% chance of passing it on to her children. Fragile X is also associated with premature ovarian failure.

Sickle Cell Anemia 

Sickle Cell Anemia is a group of inherited red blood cell disorders. In this condition, red blood cells become crescent or "sickle" shaped, which can cause them to get stuck in small blood vessels, blocking blood flow and oxygen to various parts of the body. This leads to pain, organ damage, and an increased risk of infections. In the United States, sickle cell anemia affects approximately 1 in every 365 Black or African-American births and 1 in every 16,300 Hispanic-American births.

If both partners are carriers of the sickle cell trait, there is a 25% chance their child will have sickle cell anemia because it is an autosomal recessive disorder. 

Tay-Sachs Disease

Tay-Sachs Disease is a rare inherited disorder that progressively destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. Babies with Tay-Sachs disease appear normal at birth but start showing symptoms around 3 to 6 months of age, including weakness, loss of motor skills, and seizures. The condition progressively worsens, leading to blindness, paralysis, and death, usually by the age of 4 or 5. Tay-Sachs disease is rare, occurring in about 1 in every 320,000 live births, but it is more common among certain populations, such as Ashkenazi Jews.

If both partners are carriers of the Tay-Sachs gene mutation, there is a 25% chance their child will have Tay-Sachs disease. 

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) 

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness and degeneration. DMD primarily affects boys, with symptoms usually beginning between the ages of 2 and 4. The condition progressively worsens, leading to difficulty walking, breathing, and performing daily activities. DMD affects approximately 1 in every 3,500 to 5,000 male births worldwide, and there is currently no therapy or cure.

As DMD is caused by a mutation in a gene on the X chromosome, female carriers have a 50% chance of passing it on to their children. Sons of female carriers have a 50% chance of inheriting DMD, while daughters have a 50% chance of being carriers. 

Family-building options for carriers of genetic conditions

1. Unassisted conception with prenatal testing

Some families choose to conceive unassisted and use prenatal testing to check for some conditions during pregnancy.  These tests can provide information about whether the fetus has inherited the genetic condition. However, some diagnostic tests may have some risks for your baby so you’ll want to talk to your OBGYN about these risks.

2. IVF with PGT-M

IVF with preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGT-M, formerly known as PGD) allows embryos to be screened for specific genetic defects involving a single gene, like cystic fibrosis, before implantation. This can significantly reduce the risk of passing on the condition. However, PGT doesn't test for all possible genetic issues.

Although it would require undergoing IVF, if you fall into any of the below categories, conducting PGT-M testing could help you get closer to having a baby that is not a carrier of that particular genetic condition or chromosomal abnormality you’re trying to screen for.

If any of these apply to you and your partner, it might be worth chatting with your doctor about PGT-M testing:

• You are a carrier of an X-linked condition
• You and your partner both carry the same autosomal recessive condition (like Cystic Fibrosis)
• You or your partner have an autosomal dominant condition
• You or your partner have a mutation associated with a hereditary cancer
• You already had a pregnancy (or child) with a single gene disorder

3. IVF with donor eggs

Opting for donor eggs can eliminate the risk of passing on your genetic condition. This choice ensures that the genetic material from the egg doesn't carry your specific mutation. 

4. Adoption

Some carriers choose to build their families through adoption, avoiding genetic concerns altogether while providing a loving home to a child in need.

When to consider egg donation

The need for donor eggs isn't automatic just because you're a genetic carrier. Several factors come into play:

• Your partner's genetic status: If your partner isn't a carrier for the same condition, your risk of having an affected child may be low depending on the genetic condition.
• The specific genetic condition: Some conditions have a higher risk of transmission or more severe health implications than others.
• Your personal risk tolerance: Some families are comfortable with a small risk, while others prefer to eliminate risk entirely.
• Family planning goals: The number of children you hope to have may also influence your decision.

For individuals or couples facing the challenges of genetic conditions, using an egg donor can provide a means to build your family while reducing the risk of passing on inherited disorders. Egg donors undergo thorough medical and genetic screening to ensure they are healthy and do not carry known genetic mutations.

Anyone considering egg donation should consult with a genetic counselor to discuss their specific genetic risks and potential options. These professionals can help you navigate the complexities of genetic testing, donor matching, and the medical aspects of the egg donation process. If you work with Cofertility, we can help recommend an experienced genetic counselor. 

Using an egg donor can significantly reduce the risk of passing on certain genetic conditions, but it is not a guarantee of a healthy child. All pregnancies carry some inherent risks, and factors such as the health of the gestational carrier and environmental influences can also impact the child.

Cofertility - striving to be the best for all families

We started this company with the vision of serving all families, regardless of what brought them here. And we promise to provide you with the care we would want for our families. With our commitment to transparency, inclusivity, and innovation, we are striving to be the best in the industry.

Our unique egg sharing model empowers donors and enables families to find the perfect egg donor match quickly and easily, setting a new standard for excellence in our field. Whether you are just getting educated on egg donation or ready to move forward, we want to help you achieve your goals and build the family of your dreams.

Create a free account to get started today!

Read more:

• Genetic Carrier Screening During and Donor Egg IVF
• Nine Things To Know About Raising A Donor-Conceived Child
• 35 Questions to Ask Your Doctor About Using Donor Eggs
• I'm a Fertility Psychologist. Here's What I Want You to Know About Growing Your Family Through Egg Donation

Choosing a fertility clinic is a significant decision. While the expertise and bedside manner of the Reproductive Endocrinologist (REI) is what most patients focus on, there's another important aspect that often remains hidden in plain sight: the IVF laboratory.

The lab is where your embryos will be created, nurtured, and stored – so it's essential to ensure they have the expertise, technology, and track record to optimize your chances of success. 

In this article, I’ll share key questions you can ask to ensure your chosen clinic has a lab that can maximize your chances of success.

First off, why is a good IVF lab important?

Within the controlled environment of the lab, highly skilled embryologists meticulously handle your eggs, sperm, and embryos, employing cutting-edge technologies and adhering to rigorous protocols. This is where fertilization takes place, where embryos develop, and where critical decisions are made that can significantly impact your chances of achieving a healthy pregnancy.

A high-performing IVF lab will impact the chances your fertility treatment is successful. Even the most experienced and compassionate REI cannot compensate for a lab that lacks state-of-the-art equipment, meticulous protocols, or a team of highly trained embryologists.

You may never see the lab, but it still plays an enormous role. It's where your eggs and sperm are carefully prepared for fertilization, where delicate procedures like intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) are performed, and where your embryos are nurtured and monitored during their crucial early stages of development. The lab's environment, technology, and expertise directly influence the quality and viability of your embryos, ultimately affecting your chances of a successful pregnancy and a healthy baby.

By asking the right questions and understanding the key factors that contribute to a lab's success, you can ensure that your embryos are in the best possible hands, increasing your chances of achieving your dream of parenthood. So let’s take a look at some of the questions you can ask:

Embryologist qualifications and staffing:

1. Education: What are the educational backgrounds of the embryologists? Ideally, they should have master's degrees or higher in reproductive science or a related field. Some states, such as New York, New Jersey, Florida, and California, have specific requirements for the laboratory director.
2. Experience: How many years of experience do the embryologists have? Inquire about their specific experience with procedures relevant to your case (e.g., ICSI, PGT-A). 

The lab supervisor should have documented completion of training in and performance of a minimum of 60 ART procedures under supervision with attestation from the training laboratory. 

3. Staffing levels: How many embryologists are on the team? The American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) recommends 2-3 embryologists at minimum for clinics with under 150 annual cycles. That number goes up to 4-5 for clinics with 301–600 annual cycles. It’s also good to ask whether the lab director is on site or not.
4. Communication: How often will I receive updates on my embryos' development? Will you hear from the lab or your fertility doctor? Clear and frequent communication is helpful to feeling informed and involved in your IVF journey.

Lab technology and procedures:

5. Disaster preparedness: How are the embryos stored? Every ART laboratory needs to maintain an up-to-date disaster preparedness or emergency plan which includes robust protocols for power outages or disasters, such as backup generators and alarm systems. 
6. Incubators: What type of incubators do you use? The most advanced labs use "desktop" incubators with 5% oxygen levels, which mimic the conditions of the fallopian tube and promote embryo development. Avoid labs that use "big box" incubators with 20% oxygen.
7. Cleanliness: How often are the incubators and other equipment cleaned and maintained? Rigorous hygiene practices are essential to prevent contamination and ensure embryo health.
8. Air quality: What measures are in place to control air quality within the lab? IVF labs should have specialized air filtration systems to remove particles and pollutants.

Note: Questions 6-8 are not necessary to ask if your clinic has good success rates, as you can assume they are doing the little things right. However, they could be helpful if the clinic is new or does not have known success rates.

Lab performance and outcomes

9. Certification and accreditation: Is the lab certified? The Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART) requires its members to have an embryology laboratory that is accredited by either the College of American Pathologists (CAP) or The Joint Commission (TJC). 
10. Fertilization rates: What percentage of the eggs fertilize? A good lab should have a fertilization rate between 65-70%. 
11. Blastocyst development rate: What percentage of embryos reach the blastocyst stage (day 5 or 6) in your lab? A good lab should have a 50% blastocyst rate.
12. ICSI or insemination: Does the lab do 100% ICSI or do they use conventional insemination? Every clinic has their own protocol, and most are 100% ICSI.
13. Success rates: Can you provide data on the clinic's IVF success rates, specifically for patients with similar characteristics to me? Ask about live birth rates, pregnancy rates, and implantation rates. You can also refer to SART.org for this data.
14. Research involvement: Does the lab participate in any ongoing research or clinical trials? Participation in research can indicate a commitment to staying at the forefront of IVF technology and techniques.

The IVF lab isn't just a sterile environment filled with microscopes and petri dishes; it's the birthplace of your dreams, the silent partner working tirelessly to bring your hopes for a family to fruition. By taking the time to investigate and understand the inner workings of the lab, you empower yourself to make informed decisions about your fertility treatment.

Remember, your journey to parenthood and the choice of an IVF clinic should reflect your individual needs and priorities. Don't hesitate to ask the hard questions and seek out detailed information. A good clinic will be proud of their lab and willing to share answers to all your questions! I’m wishing you the best of luck on your journey!

Read more:

• What are Some Tips on How to Find the Best Fertility Clinic?
• IUI vs. IVF: Can Success Rates Help Me Choose?
• Does Insurance Cover IVF? (Please Say Yes!)
• How Common is Donor Egg IVF?

More and more families are turning to In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) to build their families. In fact, 2% of all babies in the U.S. are now born thanks to IVF. For a treatment that’s only been around for 40 years, that’s a lot of babies!

But, many more people undergo IVF than successfully have babies via IVF. About 21.3% percent of IVF cycles using fresh embryos have a live birth. Some people have to go through multiple cycles in order to have their miracle babies. Others end up needing donor eggs. And yet others pursue other life options.  

IVF success is highly correlated with the age of the mother. Understanding this age-related impact can help set realistic expectations and make informed decisions about fertility treatment, and this article will help spell it all out for you. 

The biological basis: egg quantity and quality

As females age, our ovarian reserve–the number of remaining eggs–naturally diminishes. The quality of those existing eggs also declines over time. Older eggs are more prone to chromosomal abnormalities, which can hinder successful fertilization and healthy embryo development. This natural, age-related decline is the primary factor driving lower IVF success rates in older people.

IVF and Age

The influence of age on IVF outcomes is an unfortunate, but undeniable part of biology and life. As we've discussed, this is primarily due to the natural decline in both the quantity and quality of eggs as someone gets older. This age-related impact can be disheartening for those who want to start a family “later” in life, but it’s always better to be equipped with this knowledge. Here's why understanding this relationship is important:

• Realistic expectations: Being aware of how age affects potential success rates helps you set realistic expectations from the outset of your IVF journey. This knowledge allows you to be mentally and emotionally prepared for the possibilities.
• Informed decision-making: Understanding the role of age empowers you to make informed decisions about your fertility treatment. If you are of older maternal age, you might consider a shorter time frame between IVF cycles, explore options like donor eggs earlier in the process, or consider alternative paths to family building.
• Proactive planning: For younger people considering IVF in the future, awareness of this age-related aspect might motivate proactive measures like egg freezing to preserve fertility potential.

There are of course a host of other factors that go into fertility beyond just someone’s age. And, remember that IVF success isn't solely about the female partner. Any underlying male factor infertility will also play a role in IVF outcomes.

Let’s look at the data: IVF success rates by age

Reliable sources like the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (SART), which is part of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), provide valuable insights into IVF outcomes by age. 

According to SART data from 2021, live birth rates per egg retrieval using someone's own eggs for IVF are significantly impacted by age, showing a clear downward trend as we get older.  

• Under 35: 44.5%
• 35-37: 32.4%
• 38-40: 20.2%
• 41-42: 9.6%
• Over 42: 2.9%

While age is a major predictor, it's not the only factor influencing IVF success.  The underlying cause of infertility, overall embryo quality, lifestyle choices (like smoking or unhealthy weight), sperm health, and the specific clinic's success rates all play a role in the outcome.  You’ll want to consider these additional variables when assessing your individual chances of success.

Donor eggs increase your chances of a healthy pregnancy at all ages

Here’s some good news: donor eggs can drastically increase your chances of success. Around 53 percent of all donor egg cycles will result in at least one live birth. This percentage varies depending on the egg donor, recipient body mass index, stage of embryo at transfer, the number of oocytes retrieved, and the quality of the clinic.

At every age, the chances of birth with donor eggs is better, but those who benefit the most from donor eggs are those over 35 and those with low ovarian reserve. In fact, about one-quarter of people over 40 who succeeded with IVF did so through the use of donor eggs. 

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The chart was made using the SART Patient Predictor for an average woman (5’4”, 150 lbs) with diminished ovarian reserve. As you can see, the chances of live birth after one donor egg cycle is 54% for recipients under 40, and only goes down slightly after this.

Summing it up

IVF can be a big commitment– physically, emotionally, and financially. It's natural to feel a mix of hope and anxiety throughout the process.  Knowledge is empowering; by understanding how age impacts IVF outcomes, you can make decisions that align with your values and goals.  

Remember, statistics represent trends, not individual destinies. While they give us a general picture, each person's fertility journey is unique.  If you are of older maternal age, it doesn't automatically mean IVF won't work for you. Exploring options like using donor eggs or pursuing alternative paths to parenthood should all be part of your informed decision-making process.

The IVF experience can sometimes feel isolating.  Don't be afraid to seek support from your loved ones, mental health professionals, or online communities dedicated to infertility and IVF.  Connecting with others who understand the challenges and triumphs of this journey can be a source of strength and encouragement.

Find an egg donor through Cofertility

We aim to be the best egg sharing program, providing an experience that honors, respects, and uplifts everyone involved. Here’s what sets us apart:

• Baby guarantee. We truly want to help you bring your baby home, and we will re-match you for free until that happens.
• Donor empowerment. Our donors aren’t doing it for cash – they keep half the eggs retrieved for their own future use, and donate half to your family. It’s a win-win.
• Diversity: We’re proud about the fact that the donors on our platform are as diverse as the intended parents seeking to match with them. We work with intended parents to understand their own cultural values — including regional nuances — in hopes of finding them the perfect match.
• Human-centered. We didn’t like the status quo in egg donation. So we’re doing things differently, starting with our human-centered matching platform.
• Lifetime support: Historically, other egg donation options have treated egg donor matching as a one-and-done experience. Beyond matching, beyond a pregnancy, beyond a birth…we believe in supporting the donor-conceived family for life. Our resources and education provide intended parents with the guidance they need to raise happy, healthy kids and celebrate their origin stories.

For those who match with a donor in our fresh egg donation program, the average number of mature eggs a family receives and fertilizes is 12. The number of eggs retrieved varies by patient and cycle, but can be predicted by a donor’s age, AMH, and antral follicle count, all of which will be known to you after the donor’s initial screening. Qualified candidates have an ample ovarian reserve for both their own needs and sharing. Egg share donors also often work closely with a fertility doctor to determine, based on their own medical history, the optimal number of eggs needed for their own future family-building goals. Should it make sense for the donor, they may choose to pursue a second egg-sharing cycle to maximize the chances of success for everyone.

Matching with a donor in our frozen program can provide the opportunity to move forward with your family-building plans faster, as frozen eggs can be fertilized or shipped to your clinic immediately. Donors undergoing frozen cycles complete equally rigorous ovarian reserve testing. While the total number of frozen eggs available will vary based on the donor’s retrieval outcomes, every frozen match is guaranteed to have a minimum of at least 6 frozen eggs. 

To learn more about these programs and the differences between them, click here.  

We are obsessed with improving the family-building journey — today or in the future — and are in an endless pursuit to make these experiences more positive. Create a free account to get started today!

Read more:

• What You Should Know About Getting Pregnant with Donor Eggs in Your 40s and 50s
• What Parents via Egg Donation Want You To Know
• Six Reasons Why Egg Sharing is a Better Egg Donation Model for Intended Parents
• I'm a Fertility Psychologist. Here's What I Want You to Know About Growing Your Family Through Egg Donation

If you're considering In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) while using or contemplating a GLP-1 medication, like Ozempic®, you’ll want to understand how these treatments might interact. 

GLP-1 medications are widely considered safe and have been approved by regulatory bodies like the FDA. But, they aren’t safe for everyone. And they may interact with other medications. 

Let’s review the potential benefits, concerns, and important factors you should discuss with your doctors before making any decisions about GLP-1 medication use in conjunction with IVF.

What are GLP-1 medications?

GLP-1s are a class of medications designed to aid in weight loss and blood sugar management, which can indirectly have positive effects on fertility. 

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is a naturally occurring hormone in the body that plays important roles in digestion, blood sugar regulation, and appetite control. GLP-1 receptor agonists are a class of medications that mimic the effects of GLP-1, leading to several benefits including weight loss, improved blood sugar control, and potential cardiovascular benefits. Common examples of GLP-1 medications include semaglutide (Wegovy®, Ozempic®), liraglutide (Victoza®, Saxenda®), dulaglutide (Trulicity®), tirzepatide (Mounjaro®), and others.

While it feels like these medications have shown overnight success for help with weight loss, they’ve actually been around for a long time. Initially prescribed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, their weight-loss potential became a notable side effect. This led to further research, higher-dosage formulations specifically for weight management, and the widespread popularity we see today.

​​GLP-1 medications, obesity, and fertility

Obesity is a known factor that can negatively impact fertility treatment outcomes in both men and women.  It's associated with conditions like Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), hormonal imbalances, and changes to the uterine lining that can reduce the chances of successful embryo implantation. 

Since GLP-1 medications aid in weight loss and blood sugar control, they have the potential to improve some of the underlying factors that contribute to infertility. However, more research is needed to really understand how GLP-1 medications can impact IVF outcomes.

Can you do IVF if you are on GLP-1 medications?

It's best to discuss the use of GLP-1 medications directly with both the doctor who prescribes them as well as your fertility doctor. Many doctors recommend pausing GLP-1 medications for a few weeks before procedures involving sedation or anesthesia, including the egg retrieval portion of IVF, to reduce potential risks.

The reason being, there have been reports that the delay in stomach emptying due to the GLP-1 medication could be associated with an increased risk of regurgitation and aspiration of food into the airways and lungs. And, because you are unconscious, you can’t clear your lungs or eliminate the obstruction on your own. There is currently a lack of scientific data on how GLP-1 medications affect patients having procedures like IVF, so most doctors like to play it safe. 

Can you take GLP-1 medications while pregnant?

Even if you're planning to pause GLP-1 medications like Ozempic® for your egg retrieval during IVF, your doctor may not recommend you get back on them after the retrieval if you plan on getting pregnant. That is because these medications are not currently recommended during pregnancy or lactation. The full safety profile of GLP-1 medications is still under investigation.

This means that most OBGYNs will advise you to discontinue GLP-1 medications before attempting to conceive, whether unassisted or through IVF. They will work with you to create a safe and optimal plan for your fertility and pregnancy journey.

Summing it up

While GLP-1 medications offer benefits for weight loss and blood sugar control that may indirectly help with fertility, their direct impact on IVF outcomes and safety during pregnancy needs further research.  You’ll want to have open discussions with your fertility doctor, your prescribing doctor, and potentially your future OBGYN about the best medication strategy for your individual circumstances.

Here are some key points to remember:

• Temporary pause: You might be advised to take a break from GLP-1 medications prior to your egg retrieval procedure.
• Discontinuation before pregnancy: There is not enough human data yet to support GLP-1 medications during pregnancy and lactation, so currently it is not recommended.
• Collaboration is key: Work closely with all your doctors to make the safest and most informed decisions regarding your medication use, fertility treatment, and any pregnancy plans.

Research into the relationship between GLP-1 medications and fertility is ongoing. As we gather more data, clearer guidelines may emerge regarding safe and effective use of these medications alongside IVF treatment.  It's always encouraged to consult with your doctors for the latest information and recommendations specific to your situation. We wish you all the best!

In the world of reproductive medicine, the boundaries of what's possible are constantly being pushed further by advances in technology and science. For many, the journey to parenthood is straightforward, but for others, it's a path marked by challenges and the need for medical intervention. As a fertility doctor who has worked with countless patients over the years, I understand the desire to build a family, regardless of the obstacles that may stand in the way. 

Among these challenges, menopause has traditionally been seen as a definitive end to a woman's fertility. In this article, I’ll answer the question, can a menopausal woman get pregnant with donor eggs? 

Understanding menopause and fertility

Menopause is a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's reproductive years, characterized by the cessation of menstrual cycles for twelve consecutive months. This transition typically occurs between the ages of 45 and 55 but can happen earlier or later. Menopause signifies the depletion of ovarian follicles and a significant decline in estrogen and progesterone levels, hormones crucial for ovulation and pregnancy.

The question of fertility during or after menopause is complex. Naturally, menopause signifies the end of a woman's ability to conceive using her own eggs. However, this does not mean the end of her capacity to carry a pregnancy to term. The uterus, if healthy, can still support a pregnancy with the help of hormonal support, regardless of the woman's age or menopausal status.

Can you get pregnant with donor eggs after menopause?

Donor egg IVF is a common path for those who cannot conceive using their own eggs. This process involves using eggs donated by a younger woman (if you work with Cofertility to match with an egg donor, the donor donates half of the eggs retrieved and keeps the other half for her own future use), which are then fertilized with sperm (from a partner or a sperm donor) in a laboratory setting. The resulting embryos are transferred to the recipient's uterus.

For menopausal women, donor egg IVF offers a viable path to pregnancy. The critical factor is then the ability of the uterus to maintain a pregnancy. Before the procedure, the recipient undergoes hormonal treatment to prepare the uterus for implantation, mimicking the hormonal conditions of a natural pregnancy. 

All pregnancies carry risks, and pregnancy over 45 is no exception. One small study followed 45 healthy mothers ages 50-63 who used donor eggs, and found that 35% experienced pregnancy-related hypertension (high blood pressure), 20% experienced gestational diabetes, and 78% had a cesarean section. It is important to undergo a consultation with your OBGYN or a high-risk specialist to ensure pregnancy is safe. For those who cannot safely or healthfully carry a pregnancy, surrogacy is also an option.

Read more in: What Matters More: The Age of My Egg Donor, or of Who is Carrying The Pregnancy?

It’s important to remember that your age when you (or your gestational carrier) get pregnant is not as important as the age of the eggs. That means your chances of success getting pregnant, no matter your age now, is better with younger eggs. But how do you get younger eggs? For some lucky women, they can use eggs they froze years ago. But for most of us, getting younger eggs means turning to egg donation. 

Is there an age limit for IVF with donor eggs?

Technically, there is no age limit (legal or otherwise) in the United States for pursuing IVF with or without donor eggs.  But ASRM discourages IVF for women older than 55, and some clinics set their own age limits for patients they will treat. 

For women over 45 years old, ASRM advises:

• “Comprehensive” medical testing for cardiovascular and metabolic fitness to ensure the safety of the mother and baby during pregnancy 
• Psychosocial evaluation to determine if support is in place to raise a child to adulthood
• Counseling patients on potential increased medical risks related to pregnancy

For families using donor eggs and a gestational carrier, ASRM would advise that the family undergo psychological evaluation to ensure the parents are equipped to raise the child at an older-than-average age. 

Navigating the journey with Cofertility

At Cofertility, we've embraced a unique egg sharing model that empowers donors and helps families find the perfect egg donor match quickly and easily. We understand the multitude of questions and concerns that come with considering donor egg IVF, from the screening process for donors to the potential outcomes of the IVF cycle.

Our approach is rooted in compassion and understanding, acknowledging the emotional and financial investment involved in fertility treatments. That’s why we've designed the most parent-friendly Baby Guarantee in the market, aiming to alleviate some of the financial stress and uncertainty that can accompany this journey. Our goal is to provide you with the care and support we would want for our own families, guiding you through every step of the process.

Addressing concerns and providing support

We know that considering donor eggs, especially during or after menopause, is a significant decision. Concerns about the donor's health and the success rate of the procedure are common. Our rigorous screening process ensures that all donors meet stringent health criteria. Additionally, advancements in reproductive technology have significantly improved the success rates of donor egg IVF, offering encouraging news for those who choose this path.

The decision to pursue pregnancy through donor eggs is deeply personal and involves careful consideration of many factors, including physical, emotional, and financial aspects. At Cofertility, we are here to provide information, support, and guidance, helping you navigate these considerations and make informed decisions about your fertility journey.

Summing it up

The question of whether a menopausal woman can get pregnant with donor eggs is met with a hopeful yes, thanks to the remarkable advancements in reproductive medicine. At Cofertility, we stand at the forefront of these innovations, committed to serving all families with a vision of inclusivity and support. Our unique egg sharing model and comprehensive care approach aim to set a new standard for excellence in the field, offering a beacon of hope for those dreaming of building their family. As we continue to push the boundaries of what's possible in fertility treatment, we promise to provide the support, care, and innovation needed to turn those dreams into reality.

Read more

• How to Talk to Your Doctor About Working with Cofertility
• I'm a Fertility Psychologist. Here's What I Want You to Know About Growing Your Family Through Egg Donation
• Am I Too Old to Become a Parent?
• What You Should Know About Getting Pregnant with Donor Eggs in Your 40s and 50s

Social media's incessant flow of perfectly filtered life updates and photos can be a double-edged sword. For those who are dealing with infertility, a simple scroll through a feed can sometimes turn into a painful reminder of what we are struggling with. An ad for diapers, pregnancy announcements, gender reveals, or family vacation photos can all trigger feelings of sadness and loss. 

These digital fragments, seemingly innocuous to others, can become acute pain points, echoing the unfulfilled desires and dreams of those grappling with infertility. In a space designed for connection, sharing, and joy, the unintended emotional toll can be heavy. 

If social media is bringing you daily triggers, I wrote this guide for you. It’s a guide to help tailor your social media environment, and serves not just as a practical tool but as a necessary aspect of self-care and emotional wellbeing. This guide aims to provide clear instructions and support, enabling you to create a more controlled and comforting digital experience.

How the algorithms works against you 

Algorithms are the unseen force shaping what we see and interact with online. Social media platforms leverage sophisticated machine learning and data analysis to create a feed tailored to our interests, behaviors, and interactions. However, for those grappling with infertility, these algorithms can inadvertently contribute to emotional distress. 

The algorithms work by tracking your interests and behavior. Platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Pinterest analyze your clicks, likes, shares, and time spent on specific content to understand your interests. If you've ever looked at baby products or followed pregnancy-related accounts, the algorithm remembers. This informs personalized advertising, where advertisers target you with specific content. Algorithms also suggest posts, accounts, and hashtags to follow. While this usually helps discover content that aligns with your interests, it can backfire if you're trying to avoid specific triggers.

Simultaneously, “cookies” record your visits to other websites, such as online stores looking at baby products or blogs about parenting. These digital crumbs allow advertisers to follow you back to social media, serving ads that align with your browsing history. The integration of algorithms with cookies means that a casual glance at a baby stroller can transform into a series of targeted ads on your social media feed.

Despite the overwhelming influence of these invisible algorithms powering our online experience, the reality is that you have the ability to take control and change the way these algorithms affect you. You can transform your social media experience into one that supports rather than undermines your emotional well-being. 

You're not entirely at the mercy of the machines. You have tools at your disposal, and the agency to shape a better online experience. In the sections below, we will explore specific strategies and methods to do just that. 

How to reduce triggering posts and ads on social media 

Let’s dive into the strategies for changing your social media algorithms. 

Unfollow or mute those who tend to post triggering content

You know those friends and influencers who continually post content that might be triggering. Their posts are not ill-intended, but they can still sting. If they aren’t a friend, you can simply unfollow them as a necessary step in self-care. But if they’re someone you can’t simply unfriend without some drama, try muting them. 

Muting someone is a feature that allows you to temporarily hide their content without unfollowing or unfriending them. 

• Instagram: Allows you to mute posts and stories from specific users without unfollowing them. Just tap the three dots in the top right corner of the post, and select "Mute."
• Facebook: You can "snooze" friends for 30 days, which is akin to a temporary mute. Click the three dots at the top right of a post and select "Snooze for 30 days."
• X (Twitter): You can mute accounts, meaning you will not see their posts in your timeline. Click on the three dots next to the Tweet, then click "Mute @[username]."
• Pinterest: Pinterest does not have a specific mute feature, but you can unfollow users by clicking on their profile and hitting the "Unfollow" button. If you want to give feedback on a particular pin, click on the three dots and choose "Hide Pin."
• TikTok: Allows you to mute users. Just go to the profile of the person you want to mute, tap the three dots in the top right corner of the screen, and select “Mute.”
• Threads: Allows you to mute users. Go to the profile of the user you want to mute. Tap the three-dots-in-a-circle icon in the top right corner and select “Mute.”

Change your advertising settings

It is not just posts from friends that can be triggering; targeted advertising related to pregnancy and babies can be equally distressing. After I lost my twins in the second trimester, I could avoid the baby aisle at Target but I had to manually shut off the pregnancy and newborn ads on social media platforms. 

Advertisers know how to utilize sophisticated algorithms and user data to target individuals with specific content. This results in ads for baby products or parenting services being presented to those who have recently engaged with related content. For someone grieving a loss or grappling with infertility, these ads can be more than mere marketing messages; they can become haunting reminders of dreams unfulfilled and hope deferred, reinforcing a cycle of emotional distress that one might be striving to overcome. 

• Instagram: Allows you to change ad preferences. Go to “Settings and privacy,” then “Accounts Center,” then tap on “Ad preferences.” There, you can manage ad topics and remove interests related to pregnancy or babies. 
• Facebook: If your Instagram and Facebook accounts are tied to the same phone number, you don’t have to do this again as ad settings for Instagram will automatically apply for Facebook as well. 
• X: Click on “Privacy and safety,” then “Ads preferences.” Turn off personalized ads, so you get generic ads instead of those tailored to your activity. 
• Pinterest: Allows you to turn off personalized ads. Click on “settings,” select "Privacy and data," and uncheck personalized ads.
• Google: With My Ad Center and About this Ad, you can block ads you don’t want to see. On any ad itself, select “More,” and then drop down to select “Block ad.”
• TikTok: Go to “Settings and privacy” and tap “ads” to see how your ads are personalized. You can turn off any interests that TikTok may have added. It can also be helpful to switch genders to confuse the app. 

Improve the algorithm by setting content preferences

The algorithms that govern your social media feeds aren't immutable; you can actively tailor them to suit your needs. By hiding certain words, phrases, or even emojis that might be triggering, you can create a more personalized and considerate online environment. Here's how to do that on different platforms:

• Instagram: Go to “Settings and Privacy,” then go to “Hidden Words” and choose the words or phrases you don’t want to see on your feed or in your DMs. 
• Pinterest: Go to “Settings” and “Tune your home feed” where you can add/remove interests, boards, and pins. 
• Facebook: You can see and adjust your Facebook Feed preferences by going to “Settings and privacy” then clicking on “Feed.” 
• Twitter: Allows you to mute words, phrases, or hashtags. Go to "Settings and privacy," click on "Privacy and safety," then click "Mute and block” where you can choose muted words that won’t show up in your timeline.
• TikTok: Limit content by going to “Settings and privacy” then “Content preferences.” There you can filter keywords that you don’t want to see. 

Refill your feed with content that makes you happy

Okay now that you have removed a lot of accounts, ads, and keywords that could be triggering, it’s time to add back in some content that will make you happy. Find joy in funny animal videos? Love food tutorials? Following accounts that focus on interests rather than personal life events can provide a welcome distraction.

Avoid social media when you're feeling especially down

The online world will always be there, but sometimes a break is necessary. If you’re feeling particularly sad one day, step away from the apps and find solace in the real world.

The bottom line

In a digital era where our lives are intertwined with social media, navigating the online world can be both empowering and perilous. The very platforms that offer connection and inspiration can also become minefields of triggers and distress, especially for those dealing with infertility or pregnancy loss.

Your virtual environment can and should be a sanctuary, reflecting your needs and nurturing your emotional health.

Through the conscious and intentional modification of settings and preferences, you can reshape your social media experience. From muting and unfollowing content that triggers pain to fine-tuning advertising settings, the power to create a safe and supportive online experience rests in your hands.

But this journey is also about mindfulness and introspection. Knowing when to embrace the virtual world and when to seek refuge in the tangible one is a subtle art of balance. Replacing the triggers with content that resonates with joy, humor, and personal interests can breathe fresh air into your digital life.

Ultimately, the algorithms, the advertisers, and the endless stream of posts don't define your online experience—you do. With the tools and insights shared in this guide, you're well-equipped to turn social media into a space of comfort rather than conflict.

In the end, social media is not just a reflection of what algorithms think we want to see; it's a reflection of who we are, what we value, and how we choose to engage with the world around us. The control is yours.

Even if you have accepted your infertility diagnosis and have accepted the idea of using donor eggs to start your family, others around you may still question you and your decision. Sometimes it comes in the form of nobody talking about it and sometimes the pendulum swings in the other direction and you may hear nosy questions such as:

• "Why couldn't you have your own child?"
• "Doesn't it bother you that your child won't be biologically related to you?"
• "Did you have trouble getting pregnant?"
• "Are you worried your child won't look like you?"
• "Did you have to spend a lot of money on this process?"
• "Isn't it weird to use someone else's eggs?"
• "Did you have to convince your partner to do this?"
• “Are you worried one day the kids will want to meet their donor?”

So, what are some things you can say to those “well meaning” but nosy questions?

Set boundaries

It's important to set boundaries with those who may be asking personal questions. You can politely decline to answer by saying that it is a private matter or that you prefer not to discuss it. Setting boundaries isn’t always easy.  But boundaries are important if you want to feel safe and protected. It is okay if the other party feels offended, but healthy boundary setting doesn’t mean you’re being hurtful. The boundaries you set can allow you to build a better, more respectful, relationship because they help establish a precedent for what you both expect from each other. 

Educate 

Even though it may seem obvious to you, some people really do not understand the process of using donor eggs and may be asking out of curiosity. Consider sharing educational resources or information about the process to help them understand better.

Be honest

If you are comfortable sharing, you can be honest about why you chose to use donor eggs. Whether it was due to fertility issues or personal preference, sharing your story can help to normalize the process and reduce stigma and in turn helps educate others around you.

Redirect the conversation

If you don't want to discuss your own experience (which is totally okay), redirect the conversation to a more general topic. You could say, "I appreciate your interest, but I prefer to keep my personal life private. Can we talk about something else?"

Seek support

Coping with nosy questions about using donor eggs can be emotionally challenging. Consider seeking support from a therapist, support group, or other individuals who have gone through a similar experience.

The bottom line

Some questions may come across as tasteless and hurtful. Yes, most of this stems from a lack of knowledge about egg donation, but some of it also comes from a place of genuine curiosity and wanting to understand. At the end of the day, this is your journey and your path. You get to decide who, when and how much information you share.  

First comes love, then comes marriage, then comes… how does that song go again? Our world has so many cultural rules and norms in place that we forget that in reality everyone’s experiences, needs, and realities are very different. We say we are open and tolerant to difference yet, we let society dictate how we live, love, and feel. So when a woman is diagnosed with infertility and told that donor eggs are required to have a baby, instead of being grateful for the opportunity to be a parent, different fears can kick in. One of the fears includes not being supported by family or friends. But what happens when that non-support comes from your partner? And what if despite his not wanting to use donor eggs, you still do? What happens then?

Understanding your options: the pros and cons of using donor eggs

The positives are obvious: you get to be a parent. And for some, another positive can be that  the husband's sperm can be used, thereby keeping some genetic connection. Negatives can include cost and finding the ‘right’ donor may take time. And in this scenario, conflicts with your partner about moving forward with donor eggs. 

Read more: I'm Considering Using Donor Eggs. What are the Pros and Cons?

Communicating with your partner: how to have a productive conversation

When this topic first came up, you both most likely had your own private reactions. You both may have needed time to truly digest and process the situation. But sometimes, one partner moves through the process a lot quicker and immediately decides what to do while the other partner needs more time to figure things out. 

So if you want to move forward with donor eggs and he doesn’t, what comes next? First, he needs the opportunity to spend time really digesting and processing this on his own terms.  He needs to sit and put himself in both situations (using a donor vs. not using a donor) and being honest about how that would look and feel. Has he had time to talk to someone without you? Maybe a friend, the REI, or even a therapist? He needs to talk to someone about his biggest worries, his biggest concerns, and his biggest issues with using a donor and sometimes that person is not you. 

You can’t force anyone to get on board just because that is something you really want. You also can’t let your feelings invalidate his feelings either. But what you can do is both get educated on the process, you can both speak with a therapist, you can both read the literature, and/or attend groups with other couples in your exact same situation. These are things that can help you make informed decisions, decisions that you can feel good about, even 20 years from now. 

Can I pursue donor eggs without my husband knowing? 

Surprisingly, this isn’t a joke. This question has been asked -  a few times. If you have this thought, then you need to work with a couples therapist. Starting a family is a huge endeavor, regardless if you use a third party or not. It is a life changing event that triggers a lot of stress and can be very challenging. If you are not on the same page regarding donor eggs you need to find a therapist who specializes in fertility. This is important so you aren’t spending time explaining the details of infertility, they will already understand and be able to flush out the issues with you.  

A fertility psychologist can help you  explore different parenting options. Options such as adoption, fostering, or maybe even living child free. It gives you the opportunity to create a safe space for you both to voice your feelings but also a safe space to learn more about each other's feelings, needs and wants. It can open space for understanding and a deeper connection. 

Coping strategies and how to manage your emotions during this time.

You can’t change the past and you can’t control the future. But you can learn how to be in the here and now by practicing mindfulness. Mindfulness can help regulate emotions, decrease stress, anxiety and depression. Practice self-care by doing things you enjoy and being with people you love. Talk to someone. Find a therapist, a friend or join a group, don’t bottle it up.

Conclusion

At the end of the day, there is no wrong decision. Navigating the complex world of infertility and exploring options like using donor eggs is a journey filled with challenges and emotions, particularly if you and your partner are not on the same page. It is essential to maintain open, honest, and compassionate communication throughout the process, granting each other the space to process feelings and come to a decision at your own pace. This is not a decision to rush, and sometimes the assistance of a fertility specialist or therapist may be needed to guide you both through this journey.

Remember, your feelings are valid and it is okay to feel a multitude of emotions. You are not alone in this journey and there are many resources available to you – from literature on the subject to support groups for couples facing the same situation. Lastly, self-care is vital during this time. Practice mindfulness, enjoy activities that you love and surround yourself with supportive individuals. Most importantly, no matter the outcome, it can lead to a deeper understanding of each other and potentially a stronger connection as you face these decisions. Together as a couple, you need to make a decision that is right for you and your family.

Being told you can’t have a genetic child can be heartbreaking. At the same time, knowing that there is still a possibility of being a parent and caring for a child and growing your family with the help of a donor, can bring relief. Still, that grief needs to be honored and given space and time to heal before moving forward. 

Stages of grief

Elisabeth Kubler Ross came up with five stages of grief that a person moves through when they suffer a loss. Researchers have found that these stages can be generalized to losses across the board - such as the grief of infertility. The stages aren’t linear and people may find themselves moving in and out of the different phases at different times. Some stages last longer  than others and some stages can be skipped over. 

Denial

It makes sense that after the initial diagnosis of infertility, a person might not believe it. Especially if they feel healthy, are ‘young’ by conventional standards or have never been sick. They can be quick to assume it is a mistake or can be quick to jump into another cycle of treatments because denial is at play. Denial is a method of self-protection as it can be painful to admit that your life plan may go in a completely different direction than you had ever imagined. One way to move on from this stage is to give yourself permission to feel the pain and sorrow and to dig deep to understand what this diagnosis means to you and what you think it means about you. Many times we have distorted beliefs about what something like this means about us. 

Anger

Once you get that second, third, or fourth opinion… or once you can no longer endure the treatments, anger may erupt. Anger can come in many forms; anger at self, anger at partner, doctor, or even random pregnant strangers. Sometimes this anger drives away those who can actually help and provide that very important emotional support. 

Bargaining

Anger is typically replaced by bargaining or what is sometimes called “magical thinking.” Meaning, a person in this stage might think that perhaps by dramatically changing their lifestyle, their doctor, their medical protocol, anything - with the hope that the changes will somehow have an impact and change the result of their diagnosis. 

Depression

Hiding from the world, lethargy, hopelessness, and intense sorrow describe this stage. It is important to note if this mood lasts most of the day, nearly every day for two or more weeks with a diminished interest in activities along with:

• Significant weight loss, weight gain, or decrease or increase in appetite 
• Fatigue or loss of energy 
• Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt 
• Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, 
• Recurrent thoughts of death

Then it is time to speak to your doctor. 

Acceptance

There comes a point during this time that your heart beat slows down, that pit in your stomach goes away and you feel as though you can breathe again. Whether you decide to adopt, use a donor or be child free, something inside finally says, “I am okay.” When this acceptance occurs, doors open, and options become available.

Acknowledge and accept your feelings

It is okay to not be okay. It's important to acknowledge and accept your feelings of loss, sadness, anger, or any other emotions you may be experiencing. Allow yourself to feel your emotions and understand that it's okay to grieve.

Seek support

You don't have to go through this alone. Seek support from family, friends, a therapist, or a support group. There are many online communities and support groups for people who are facing similar challenges.

Focus on self-care

Take care of yourself physically, emotionally, and mentally. Give your mind and body its best chance to heal by engaging in activities that bring you joy, practicing mindfulness, exercise, and eating healthy.

Find meaning and purpose

Focus on finding meaning and purpose in your life beyond having a genetic child. This can include volunteering, pursuing a career, or cultivating relationships with friends and family.

Explore other options

Although you may not be able to have a genetic child, there are other options available such as donor eggs. Sometimes processing means moving forward with Plan B. 

Does it matter if my child is not genetically related to me?

We live in a world where adoption, step and foster families and blended families are the norm. 

Research shows that in general, there are no differences in the bonds created between parents and children born naturally, through surrogacy or donation. 

Does the pain of infertility ever go away?

It doesn’t ever completely go away but you learn how to manage it and not let it impact your daily life. You learn that grief is part of the human experience. Everyone at some point or another will go through some type of grief. But you will be okay.